A new enantiornithine (Aves: Ornithothoraces) with completely fused premaxillae from the Early Cretaceous of China

Abstract

We report a new small enantiornithine, Shangyang graciles gen. et sp. nov., based on a nearly complete and articulated skeleton from the Lower Cretaceous Jiufotang Formation of Liaoning Province, north-eastern China. Shangyang has premaxillae that are completely fused rostrally as well as along the frontal processes, a previously unrecognized condition in Early Cretaceous birds. As in three other enantiornithine taxa, Shangyang preserves a pair of craniolateral processes in the sternum. Phylogenetic analysis places Shangyang in a relatively derived position within Enantiornithes, suggesting that the craniolateral processes of the sternum evolved independently among some enantiornithine lineages from the condition seen in some basal ornithuromorphs. The craniolateral processes in modern birds provide the insertions of the M. sternocoracoideus that functions in the downstroke, which can also originate from the two cranialmost sternal ribs instead when these processes are absent. The altered origin of this muscle shows that diverse pectoral musculoskeletal modifications took place early in avian history.

http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:20C69B6A-473B-4C6D-9672-F5B2CC2D8FE1

Keywords:

• birds
• Enantiornithes
• fusion
• M. sternocoracoideus
• Mesozoic
• sternum

Acknowledgements

We thank Wei Gao for photography. We thank an anonymous reviewer for comments and suggestions. This research was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China [grant numbers 41722202, 41502002, 41688103].

Supplemental material

Supplemental material for this article can be accessed at: https://doi.org/10.1080/14772019.2018.1527403