Publication Cover
Global Change, Peace & Security
formerly Pacifica Review: Peace, Security & Global Change
Volume 18, 2006 - Issue 2
840
Views
1
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

The new imperialism: Using critical discourse analysis and articulation theory to study George W. Bush's freedom doctrine

Pages 101-114 | Published online: 17 Jul 2006
 

Abstract

In this paper, I examine how Articulation Theory and Critical Discourse Analysis can be used to examine the Bush administration's ‘Freedom Doctrine’ as it appears in official speeches, press releases, and interviews. I also look at possible alternatives to the dominant militaristic interpretation of international events and foreign policy, and recommend other areas of research and study related to the Bush doctrine and the discursive practices that surround it. My overall argument, however, is that this particular doctrine has nothing to do with freedom, liberty, or justice as claimed by the Bush government. Rather, I argue that this doctrine is actually a veiled attempt to exert and extend America's economic, military, and political hegemony globally.

We need a new approach to national security—a bold, progressive internationalism that stands in stark contrast to the too often belligerent and myopic unilateralism of the Bush Administration.

(John F. Kerry)

Notes

1 These models also share a conception of language, or specifically discourse (visual, verbal, and interpersonal), as ‘an instrument of control as well as of communication’. Gunther Kress and Robert Hodge, Language as Ideology, (Boston, MA: Unwin Brothers Limited, 1979), p. 6.

2 Norman Fairclough and Ruth Wodak, ‘Critical Discourse Analysis’, in Teun van Dijk (ed.), Discourse as Social Interaction, (London: Sage, 1997), p. 258.

3 Lawrence Grossberg, ‘The Cultural Studies’ Crossroads Blues’, European Cultural Studies, 1, (1998), p. 68.

6 Lake, ‘Defining Missions, Setting Deadlines: Meeting New Security Challenges in the Post Cold-War World. Remarks at George Washington University’.

7 Carl Boggs, Imperial Delusions: American Militarism and Endless War, (Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield Publishers, Inc., 2005), p. 37.

4 Mel Gurtov and Peter Van Ness, Confronting the Bush Doctrine: Critical Views from the Asia-Pacific, (New York: Routledge, 2005).

5 Anthony Lake, ‘Defining Missions, Setting Deadlines: Meeting New Security Challenges in the Post Cold-War World. Remarks at George Washington University’, (6 March 1999), < http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/military/force/lake.htm > (accessed 6 April 2005).

13 Norman Fairclough, Critical Discourse Analysis, (Harlow: Longman Group UK Limited, 1995), p. 76.

8 Robert Fowler, Literature as Social Discourse: The Practice of Linguistic Criticism, (London: Batsford Academic, 1981), p. 25.

9 Ruth Wodak, Language Power and Ideology: Studies in Political Discourse, (London: Benjamins Publishing Company, 1989), p. 204.

10 Gunther Kress, ‘Critical Discourse Analysis’, Annual Review of Applied Linguistics, 2, (1990), pp. 84–85.

11 Kress, ‘Critical Discourse Analysis’, pp. 84–85.

12 Kress, ‘Critical Discourse Analysis’, pp. 84–85.

14 Norman Fairclough, Analyzing Discourse: Textual Analysis for Social Research, (London: Routledge, 2003), p. 9.

15 Tony Schirato and Susan Yell, Communication and Cultural Literacy, (Sydney: Allen and Unwin, 2001).

16 Jürgen Habermas, Erkenntnis und Interesse, (Suhrkamp: Frankfurt am Main, 1967), p. 259.

17 George Lackoff, ‘Nailing the Frames of the Republican National Convention: All Terror All the Time’, UC Berkely Campus Newspaper, (31 August 2004), < http://webserve.govst.edu/users/ghrank/Political/Not-SoGreat%20Expectations/lakoff_gop.htm > (accessed 1 April 2005).

19 Joseba Zulaika, ‘The Self-Fulfilling Prophecies of Counterterrorism’, Radical History Review, 85, (Winter 2003), p. 194.

18 John Galtung, ‘Conflict, War and Peace: A Bird's Eye View’, in John Galtung, Carl G. Jacobsen and Kai Frithjob Brand-Jacobsen (eds), Searching for Peace: The Road to Transcend, (London: Pluto Press, 2000), p. 14.

21 George W. Bush, ‘President Sworn-In to Second Term’, (20 January 2005), < http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2005/01/20050120-1.html > (accessed 5 April 2005).

20 Justin Lewis, Constructing Public Opinion: How Political Elites Do What They Like and Why We Seem to Go Along With It, (New York: Columbia University Press, 2001), p. 93.

23 Peter Moss, ‘Rhetoric of Defence in the United States: Language, Myth, and Ideology’, p. 47.

22 Peter Moss, ‘Rhetoric of Defence in the United States: Language, Myth, and Ideology’, in Paul Chilton (ed.), Language and the Nuclear Arms Debate: Nukespeak Today, (Dover, NH: Frances Pinter, 1985), p. 47. Italics in quote are added.

24 National Security Strategy as cited by Sir Michael Howard, ‘Smoke on the Horizon’, Financial Times, (8 September 2002), p. 13.

25 George W. Bush, ‘Address to a Joint Session of Congress and the American People’, (20 September 2001), < http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2001/09/20010920-8.html > (accessed 14 April 2005).

26 Cristóbal Gnecco, ‘Internal Colonialism and the Domestication of Otherness in Colombia’, prepared for the Fifth World Archaeological Congress, (2003), < http://godot.unisa.edu.au/wac/pdfs/173.pdf > (accessed 10 April 2005).

27 Derek Gregory, The Colonial Present, (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2004), p. 17.

28 Gregory, The Colonial Present, p. 16.

29 White House, Washington, ‘The National Security Strategy of the United States of America’, (September 2002), p. 14.

30 George W. Bush, ‘U.S. President Bush's Speech to the United Nations’, (10 November 2001), < http://archives.cnn.com/2001/US/11/10/ret.bush.un.transcript/ > (accessed 10 April 2005).

31 Dale Johnson, ‘On Oppressed Classes’, in James D Cockcroft, Andre Gunder Frank, and Dale Johnson (eds), Dependence and Underdevelopment: Latin America's Political Economy, (New York: Doubleday, 1972), p. 277.

32 Senator Russell D. Feingold as cited by Pamela L. Griset and Sue Mahan, Terrorism in Perspective, (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, 2003), p. 275.

33 James Der Derian, ‘Decoding the National Security Strategy of the United States of America’, Boundary, 2, (2003), p. 25.

35 Dick Cheney, ‘Transcript: Vice President Cheney's Remarks in Des Moines, Iowa’, (8 September 2004), < http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A5037-2004Sep8_4.html > (accessed 12 April 2004).

34 George W. Bush, ‘Speech in Wildes-Barre, Pennsylvania’, cited by CBSnews.com, (7 October 2003), < http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2004/10/07/politics/main647941.shtml > (accessed 10 April 2005).

36 Lilie Chouliaraki and Norman Fairclough, Discourse in Late Modernity: Rethinking Critical Discourse Analysis, (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1999), p. 37.

37 Chouliaraki and Fairclough, Discourse in Late Modernity: Rethinking Critical Discourse Analysis, p. 26.

38 Jennifer Daryl Slack, ‘The Theory and Method of Articulation in Cultural Studies’, in David Morely and Kuan-Hsing Chen, and Stuart Hall (eds), Stuart Hall: Critical Dialogues in Cultural Studies, (New York: Routledge, 1996). p. 113.

39 Slack, ‘The Theory and Method of Articulation in Cultural Studies’, in Morely, Chen, and Hall (eds), Stuart Hall: Critical Dialogues in Cultural Studies, p. 124.

40 Jennifer Daryl Slack, ‘Contextualizing technology’, in Brenda Dervin et al. (eds), Rethinking Communication: Paradigm Exemplars: Vol. 2, (Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications, 1989). p. 334.

41 Slack, ‘Contextualizing technology’, in Dervin et al. (ed,) Rethinking Communication: Paradigm Exemplars: Vol. 2, p. 334.

42 Lawrence Grossberg, ‘Critical Theory and the Politics of Empirical Research’, in Micheal Gurevitch and Mark Levy (eds), Mass Communication Review Yearbook, Vol. 6, (London: Sage Publications, 1992), p. 92.

43 ‘Bill Frist's Religious War’, The New York Times, (16 April 2005), < http://www.nytimes.com/2005/04/16/opinion/16sat1.html?8br > (accessed 20 April 2005).

44 Slack, ‘The Theory and Method of Articulation in Cultural Studies’, in Morely, Chen, and Hall (eds), Stuart Hall: Critical Dialogues in Cultural Studies, p. 117.

47 Donald Rumsfeld as cited by Jim Garamone, ‘Iraq Part of Global War on Terror, Rumsfeld Says’, United States Department of Defense: American Services Information Service: News Articles, (14 January 2003), < http://www.defense.gov/news/Sep2002/n09192002_200209194.html > (accessed 14 April 2005).

45 Stuart Hall, ‘On Postmodernism and Articulation: An Interview with Stuart Hall’, in Morely, Chen, and Hall (eds), Stuart Hall: Critical Dialogues in Cultural Studies. p. 134.

46 Mike Allen, ‘Bush: Hussein, Al Qaeda Linked’, The Washington Post, (26 September 2002). p. 41.

48 George W. Bush as cited by James Der Derian, ‘Decoding the National Security Strategy of the United States of America’, p. 21.

49 Charles Tiefer, Veering Right: How the Bush Administration Subverts the Law for Conservative Causes, (Los Angeles: University of California Press, 2004), p. 193.

50 Tiefer, Veering Right: How the Bush Administration Subverts the Law for Conservative Causes, p. 193.

51 Martin J. Sherwin, ‘Tattletale for an Open Society’, The Nation, (21 January 2002), < http://www.thenation.com/doc.mhtml%3Fi = 20020121&s = sherwin20020109 > (accessed 15 April 2005).

52 John Ashcroft as cited by Laura W. Murphy, ‘ACLU Appalled by Ashcroft Statement on Dissent; Calls Free Speech Main Engine of Justice’, ACLU, (10 December 2002), < http://www.aclu.org/FreeSpeech/FreeSpeech.cfm?ID = 9855&c = 86 > (accessed 10 April 2005).

53 ‘On the Public's Right to Know: The Day Ashcroft Censored Freedom of Information’, The San Francisco Chronicle, (6 January 2002).

54 ‘Right-Wing: When in Doubt, Attack People's Patriotism’, Center for American Progress, < http://www.americanprogress.org/site/pp.asp?c = biJRJ8OVF&b = 10955 > (accessed 8 April 2005).

55 Nancy Chang, ‘Silencing Political Dissent’, in Nancy Chang (ed.), Silencing Political Dissent: How Post-September 11 Anti-Terrorism Measures Threaten Our Civil Liberties, (New York: Seven Stories Press, 2002), pp. 94–95.

56 Arther M. Schlesinger Jr., ‘Address to Swarthmore College’, (2005), < www.swarthmore.edu > (accessed 14 April 2005).

57 Carl Boggs, Imperial Delusions: American Militarism and Endless War, p. xi.

58 Riane Eisler, ‘From Domination to Partnership: The Foundations for Global Peace’, in Colleen Roach (ed.), Communication and Culture in War and Peace, (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 1993), p. 163.

59 Letter to the US Congress from the Federation of American Scientists, < http://www.fas.org/nobel.pdf > (accessed 14 April 2005).

60 McKenzie Wark, Virtual Geography, (Indianapolis: Indiana University Press, 1994), p. 43.

61 Stephen J. Harnett and Laura A. Stengrim, ‘The Whole Operation of Deception: Reconstructing President Bush's Rhetoric of Weapons of Mass Destruction’, Cultural Studies = Critical Methodologies, 4, 2, (2004), p. 160.

62 Ralph D. Berenger, ‘Gulf War Fallout: A Theoretical Approach to Understand and Improve Media Coverage of the Middle East’, Global Media Journal, 3, 5, (2004), p. 2.

65 James Der Derian and Michael J. Shapiro, International/Intertextual Relations: Postmodern Readings of World Politics, (Lexington, MA: Lexington Books, 1989), p. 52.

63 Jenny Edkins, Poststructuralism & International Relations: Bringing the Political Back In, (Boulder CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers Inc., 1999).

64 James Der Derian, ‘A Reinterpretation of Realism: Genealogy, Semiology, Dromology’, in James Der Derian (ed.), International Theory: Critical Investigations, (New York: New York University Press: 1995), p. 367.

66 Sir Michael Howard, ‘Smoke on the Horizon’, Financial Times, (8 September 2002), p.12.

Log in via your institution

Log in to Taylor & Francis Online

PDF download + Online access

  • 48 hours access to article PDF & online version
  • Article PDF can be downloaded
  • Article PDF can be printed
USD 53.00 Add to cart

Issue Purchase

  • 30 days online access to complete issue
  • Article PDFs can be downloaded
  • Article PDFs can be printed
USD 1,538.00 Add to cart

* Local tax will be added as applicable

Related Research

People also read lists articles that other readers of this article have read.

Recommended articles lists articles that we recommend and is powered by our AI driven recommendation engine.

Cited by lists all citing articles based on Crossref citations.
Articles with the Crossref icon will open in a new tab.