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Articles

Re-imagining and transforming therapeutic recreation: reaching into Foucault’s toolbox

Pages 167-191 | Received 01 Feb 2015, Accepted 01 Jun 2015, Published online: 09 Oct 2015
 

ABSTRACT

As an introduction to this special issue of Leisure/Loisir on re-imagining and transforming therapeutic recreation, I reach into philosopher and historian Michel Foucault’s “toolbox” to discuss a critical theory and practice of therapeutic recreation. The true identity of therapeutic recreation can never be settled once and for all, because therapeutic recreation is a social construction, not an objective necessity, leaving it open to being something different than it presently is. Because there are different ways of telling the truth about therapeutic recreation, knowledge is not an inevitably enlightened path, but rather a creative and controlling power that can produce positive and negative effects in the lives of people. Disciplines like therapeutic recreation attempt to control practices and practitioners through the production of knowledge (discourses), which can constrain other perspectives on truth and ways of living. Dominant discourses of therapeutic recreation can be understood, challenged, re-imagined, and changed through historical understanding, critical reflection, ethical self-formation, and action. The papers that follow not only use some of Foucault’s tools to re-imagine and recreate therapeutic recreation, but demonstrate how critical theory may be just the medicine the field needs for the sake of freedom and justice.

RÉSUMÉ

Pour entamer cette édition spéciale de Leisure/Loisir sur la réimagination et la transformation du loisir thérapeutique, je suis me suis inspiré de la « boîte à outils » de l’historien et philosophe Michel Foucault pour exposer une théorie et une pratique essentielles du loisir thérapeutique. Puisque le loisir thérapeutique n’est pas une nécessité objective, mais bien une construction sociale, sa véritable identité ne peut être fixée une fois pour toutes et est susceptible au changement. En outre, comme la notion de loisir thérapeutique peut être exprimée de différentes façons, le savoir n’est donc pas un parcours toujours bien éclairé, mais plutôt une force créative et dominante qui peut avoir des effets tant positifs que négatifs sur la vie des gens. Dans un effort d’encadrement des pratiques et des professionnels, les disciplines tel que le loisir thérapeutique, usent de la production d’un savoir (discours) ce qui peut freiner d’autres perspectives de la vérité et de modes de vie. Malgré tout, les discours dominants portant sur loisir thérapeutique peuvent être compris, remis en cause, repensés et transformés et ce, par l’entremise d’une perspective historique, d’une réflexion critique, d’une auto-formation éthique et d’actions. Non seulement les articles qui suivent font appel à certains des outils de Foucault pour repenser et recréer le loisir thérapeutique, mais ils démontrent aussi comment la théorie critique pourrait être le remède dont le domaine a besoin pour accéder à la liberté et à la justice.

Notes

1. There are many outstanding commentaries on Foucault. As starters, I recommend May (Citation2006), Mills (Citation2003), Oksala (Citation2007), Prado (Citation1995), and Dreyfus and Rabinow (Citation1983).

2. The heavily debated terrain of social constructionism cannot be mapped out in this paper. Burr (1995) and Hacking (Citation1999) offer valuable analyses.

3. The American Psychiatric Association’s Board of Trustees approved the removal of homosexuality as a disorder from DSM-II in 1973. A referendum of the membership approved the board’s decision in 1974 (Bayer, Citation1981).

4. Conjecture about what would have ensued if the rain had continued in Dallas and the protective bubble of the presidential limousine had remained up the day Kennedy was assassinated is a compelling example of history’s contingent, unpredictable path. See If Kennedy Lived: The First and Second Terms by Greenfield (Citation2013).

5. By “game of truth,” Foucault does not mean to imply the activity of children. He uses the metaphor to mean that discourses and practices, like games, consist of rules. Foucault (1977) later used “regime of truth” to emphasize the role of power.

6. See Devine and Sylvester (Citation2005) for a discussion on how power–knowledge can betray professional principles.

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