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Research Article

Development of the psychologically deep experiences (PDE) in nature scale

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Pages 101-129 | Received 03 Apr 2015, Accepted 18 Jan 2016, Published online: 20 Apr 2016
 

ABSTRACT

Mannell described psychologically deep experiences (PDEs) as meaningful events that alter awareness of the passage of time, perceptions of self and the environment. This study integrated 4 PDEs – Communitas, Fascination, Flow experiences and Spiritual experiences by using 11 constructs, developed in preexisting scales, designed to measure them. Our purpose was to develop a valid and comprehensive, nature-based PDE scale. After an expert review (n = 5) and conducting interviews (n = 12), the newly developed scale was included in an online questionnaire composed of nature-based recreationists (n = 431). Confirmatory factor analysis indicated good overall fit for the test and cross validation samples (e.g. RMSEA = 0.047 and 0.038, NFI = 0.94 and 0.94). Although the Communitas and Fascination dimensions require empirical refinement, our findings help to distinguish among four correlated dimensions of meaningful outdoor recreation experiences.

RÉSUMÉ

Mannell (Citation1996) décrit les expériences psychologiques profondes (EPPs) « comme étant spéciales, hors de l’ordinaire ou significatives » (p. 405) ces expériences qui impliquent généralement des perceptions altérées du temps, de soi-même et de l’environnement. Cette étude met en scène quatre EPPs – communitas, fascination, expériences optimales et expériences spirituelles – afin de d’élaborer une échelle claire d’EPP basée sur la nature. Suite à une série d’entrevues (n = 12) et à la révision d’un expert (n = 5), la nouvelle échelle « quatre grands » a été ajoutée à un questionnaire en ligne composé de professionnels de loisirs de plein air (n = 431). L’analyse factorielle confirmatoire fait état d’une bonne concordance générale entre le test et les échantillons de validation croisée (p.ex., EMQA = 0,047 et 0,038, NFI = 0,94 et 0,94). Bien que les parties communitas et fascination doivent être améliorées, les résultats sont éloquents quant aux bienfaits de la nature sur le plan social, cognitif, physique et spirituel.

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.

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