Mechanical response of natural anchors in cable logging

ABSTRACT

Cable logging is a common harvesting technique for steep slope conditions, despite the safety hazard for the operators, which is mainly related to failure of cables or anchor trees. The multiple factors that determine whether a tree should be considered as an anchor make it difficult to estimate the actual suitability of the anchor tree from a safety perspective during logging. To address this critical question, the mechanical response of natural anchors was monitored in nine cable logging sites using a standing skyline system. Different anchoring methods were observed, namely, tieback anchors, multiple in-line anchors and single tree anchors. Based on previous experience regarding tree stability assessment, an innovative continuous monitoring technique was applied at each research site. The mechanical response of the anchors was analyzed in terms of force-rotation curves, which summarize the effects of loads transmitted by the skyline. An elastic response was observed in nearly all anchors, but the magnitude of the rotation varied depending on the anchoring method and the applied force observed during the survey. Effects due to cyclic loading were analyzed in four of the case studies, and an apparent relaxation phenomenon at the root-plate system was observed. Finally, the research provides an estimation of the anchor’s stability with respect to their maximum theoretical resistance, evaluated from trees showing similar characteristics that have previously been tested. Results from these field measurements provide information that can improve guidance regarding the holding strength of anchors to current empirical methods and help ensure safety anchoring methods.

KEYWORDS:

• Safety assessment
• precision forestry
• cable logging
• tree stability
• steep terrain

Acknowledgements

This work was supported by Dept. TESAF, University of Padova under the Grant BIRD 2017 “SLOPE: tree Stability in cable Logging and safety of OPErators - Development of an alert system based on wireless and low cost sensors” and Grant “Vaia FRONT” (grant CAVA_SID19_02) and by Regione Lombardia under the grant “SafetyForRescue” cofounded under the “Bando 2018 per Progetti di ricerca in campo agricolo e forestale – d.d.s. n. 4403 del 28/03/2018.”

Disclosure statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Additional information

Funding

This work was supported by the Department of Land Environmental Agriculture and Forestry of Univesity of Padova [CAVA_SID19_02]; Regione Lombardia [M1.2018.0067496].