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Original Article

Non-organic hearing loss redefined: understanding, categorizing and managing non-organic behaviour

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Pages 449-457 | Received 11 Oct 2002, Accepted 17 Sep 2003, Published online: 07 Jul 2009
 

Abstract

Addressing the complex factors that underpin any presentation of non-organic hearing loss (NOHL) is essential to that individual's proper management. The complex and often conflicting approaches taken to date are reviewed. Previous dichotomous models distinguish those assessed as consciously malingering for external benefits from those who generate symptoms unconsciously to meet psychological needs. Incorporating the DSM-IV-TR diagnosis of ‘factitious disorder’ into a new model bridges the conceptual gap. Three categories (malingering, factitious and conversion) are used distinctly, for the purpose of diagnosis, and on a continuum for the purpose of management. Motivating factors, type of gain, degree of intention and consistency of response during audiological assessment can all be related within the model. Advances in objective measurements have made the detection of NOHL easier. A reinvigoration of interest in effective diagnosis and management of the condition is therefore timely.

Sumario

Para el tratamiento adecuado de cualquier caso de hipoacusia no-orgánica (NOHL), es esencial considerar los complejos factores que existen en ellos. Se actualizaron y revisaron las formas complejas y frecuentemente conflictivas de afrontarlos. Los modelos dicotómicos previos distinguían los casos evaluados como conscientemente simuladores para obtener beneficios externos, de aquellos que inconscientemente generaban síntomas que requerían atención psicológica. Incorporar el diagnóstico DSM-IV-TR de “trastornos facticios” a un nuevo modelo, permite un puente de unión entre las diferencias conceptuales. Tres categorías (simulador, facticio y conversivo) se usaron diferenciadamente para efectos de diagnóstico y en un continuum, para propósitos de tratamiento. Los factores de motivación, tipo de ganancia, grado de intención y consistencia de las respuestas durante la evaluación audiológica pueden relacionarse con el modelo. Los avances en la medición objetiva han hecho más fácil la detección de NOHL. Por ello, es oportuno un renacimiento del interés en el diagnóstico efectivo y en el tratamiento de esta condición.

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