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Original Article

Sensory-based learning disability: Insights from brainstem processing of speech sounds

, &
Pages 524-532 | Received 12 Mar 2007, Published online: 07 Jul 2009
 

Abstract

Speech-evoked auditory brainstem responses (speech-ABR) provide a reliable marker of learning disability in a substantial subgroup of individuals with language-based learning problems (LDs). Here we review work describing the properties of the speech-ABR in typically developing children and in children with LD. We also review studies on the relationships between speech-ABR and the commonly used click-ABR, and between speech-ABR and auditory processing at the level of the cortex. In a critical examination of previously published data, we conclude that as many as 40% of LDs have abnormal speech-ABRs and that these individuals are also likely to exhibit abnormal cortical processing. Yet, the profile of learning problems these individuals exhibit is unspecific. Leaving open the question of causality, these data suggest that speech-ABR can be used to identify a large sub-population of LDs, those with abnormal auditory physiological function. Further studies are required to determine the functional relationships among abnormal speech-ABR, speech perception, and the pattern of literacy-related and cognitive deficits in LD.

Abbreviations
AEP=

Auditory-evoked potentials

ABR=

Auditory brainstem response

FFR=

Frequency following response

FFT=

Fast Fourier transform

IC=

Inferior colliculus

LD=

Language-based learning disability

Abbreviations
AEP=

Auditory-evoked potentials

ABR=

Auditory brainstem response

FFR=

Frequency following response

FFT=

Fast Fourier transform

IC=

Inferior colliculus

LD=

Language-based learning disability

Sumario

Las respuestas del tallo cerebral evocadas por lenguaje (ABR por lenguaje) aportan un marcador confiable de discapacidad para el aprendizaje en un subgrupo sustancial de individuos con problemas de aprendizaje dependientes del lenguaje (LD). Aquí revisamos trabajos que describen las propiedades de las ABR por lenguaje en niños con un desarrollo típico y en niños con LD. También revisamos estudios sobre la relación entre las ABR por lenguaje y las comúnmente utilizadas ABR inducidas por clicks, y entre las ABR inducidas por lenguaje y el procesamiento auditivo a nivel de la corteza. Luego de un examen crítico de datos previamente publicados, concluimos que hasta un 40% de los LD tienen ABR por lenguaje anormales, y que estos individuos son más propensos a exhibir un procesamiento cortical anormal. Sin embargo, el perfil de problemas de aprendizaje mostrado por estos individuos es inespecífico. Dejando de lado la pregunta sobre la causalidad, estos datos sugieren que las ABR por lenguaje pueden ser utilizadas para identificar un gran sub-población de sujetos con LD, aquellos con una función fisiológica auditiva anormal. Se requieren más estudios para determinar las relaciones funcionales entre la anormalidad de las ABR por lenguaje, la percepción del lenguaje y las patrones de LD relacionados con el nivel de educación y las deficiencias cognitivas.

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