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Original Article

Physiology and phenomenology of tinnitus: Implications for treatment

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Pages 569-574 | Received 17 Jan 2007, Published online: 07 Jul 2009
 

Abstract

We examine a contrast in understanding tinnitus and how this impacts on treatment approaches. First, a physiological account of tinnitus is described based on disinhibition and cortical remapping following injury at the receptor level, the analog for tinnitus being the ‘phantom limb pain’ phenomenon. Secondly, an experimental model of tinnitus is reviewed that relies on inference from conditioning animal behaviour. Arising from this, a role for conditioning in people distressed by tinnitus has been proposed, based on the unfounded premise that, for humans, tinnitus is a neutral stimulus, the distress being due to association with other stressful events. We critique this because we believe it influences approaches to tinnitus treatment. Finally, the phenomenology of tinnitus in the human case is analysed, with its nature illuminated via a series of distinctions with hearing impairment. Tinnitus can be intrinsically stressful for some people. Understanding this emphasizes the need to involve concepts and treatment in the area of clinical psychology. A flexible coalition between clinical audiologists and clinical psychologists is proposed as fruitful for tinnitus and related rehabilitation.

Sumario

Examinamos una comparación para comprender el acúfeno y cómo esto impacta los acercamientos terapéuticos. Inicialmente se describe un recuento fisiológico, basado en la desinhibición y en la re-localización cortical después de una lesión a nivel del receptor, siendo la analogía del acúfeno el fenómeno de “dolor fantasma” en una extremidad. Posteriormente se revisa un modelo del acúfeno que involucra la interferencia a partir del condicionamiento de la conducta animal. A partir de esto, se propone un papel para el condicionamiento de la gente estresada por el acúfeno, basado en la premisa infundada de que para los humanos el acúfeno es un estímulo neutral y que el estrés se debe a la asociación con otros eventos estresantes. Nosotros criticamos esto porque creemos que con ello se ejerce influencia sobre los enfoques terapéuticos del acúfeno. Finalmente se analiza la fenomenología del acúfeno en los humanos, aclarando su naturaleza por medio de una serie de distinciones con respecto a la hipoacusia. El acúfeno puede ser intrínsecamente estresante para algunas personas. Comprender esto enfatiza la necesidad de involucrar conceptos y tratamiento en el área de la psicología clínica. Se propone una coalición flexible entre audiólogos y psicólogos clínicos en beneficio del acúfeno y lo relacionado con su rehabilitación.

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