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Original Articles

Genetics of aminoglycocide-induced and prelingual non-syndromic mitochondrial hearing impairment: A review

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Pages 702-707 | Received 12 Jul 2007, Published online: 07 Jul 2009
 

Abstract

Pathogenic mitochondrial DNA mutations are most often implicated in inherited and acquired hearing impairment. The current review mainly focuses on the 12S rRNA mitochondrial gene mutations associated with non-syndromic deafness without or after aminoglycosides exposure. Aminoglycoside-induced and nonsyndromic deafness has been shown to have a genetic susceptibility and the pathogenic mitochondrial 12S rRNA A1555G mutation was identified as the primary factor underlying the hearing loss in many familial as well as in genetically unrelated cases, particularly in Asian populations where aminoglycoside antibiotics are commonly used even for minor infections. Many families were shown to transmit the aminoglycoside ototoxicity through matrilineal inheritance and the A1555G mutation in the 12S rRNA gene was frequently identified. The aminoglycoside antibiotics are believed to target the mitochondrial ribosome in the cochlea resulting in abnormal RNA processing or decreased efficiency of translation thereby leading to irreversible auditory dysfunction. Such cases may have a genetic predisposition to aminoglycoside ototoxicity following autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, X-linked, or mitochondrial pattern of inheritance.

Abbreviations
MELAS=

Mitochondrial encephalomyopathy, lactic acidosis, and stroke

NSHI=

Non- syndromic hearing impairment

Abbreviations
MELAS=

Mitochondrial encephalomyopathy, lactic acidosis, and stroke

NSHI=

Non- syndromic hearing impairment

Sumario

Las mutaciones patógenas del DNA mitocondrial a menudo están implicadas en la hipoacusia heredada y la adquirida. La actual revisión se enfoca principalmente en las mutaciones del gen 12S rRNA mitocondrial asociadas con sordera no sindrómica con o sin exposición a aminoglucósidos. Se ha observado que la sordera inducida por aminoglucósidos o la no sindrómica tienen una susceptibilidad genética y se ha identificado la mutación mitocondrial patógena 12S rRNA A1555G como el factor primario responsable de la hipoacusia en muchos casos familiares y no relacionados, particularmente en la población asiática en la que los aminoglucósidos son utilizados comúnmente incluso para infecciones menores. Se ha observado que muchas familias transmiten la ototoxicidad a aminoglucósidos por línea hereditaria materna y frecuentemente se ha identificado la mutación A1555G en el gen 12S rRNA. Se cree que los antibióticos aminoglucósidos tienen como blanco el ribosoma mitocondrial de la cóclea que resulta en un procesamiento anormal del RNA o un decremento en la eficiencia de la translación que desemboca en una disfunción auditiva irreversible. Tales casos pueden tener una predisposición genética a la ototoxicidad por aminoglucósidos que sigue un patrón autosómico dominante, autosómico recesivo, ligado a X o mitocondrial.

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