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Original Articles

Genetics of congenital hearing impairment: A clinical approach

Pages 535-545 | Received 17 May 2008, Published online: 07 Jul 2009
 

Abstract

Hearing impairment (HI) is the most frequent sensory disorder, with a genetic etiology in >50% of all cases, due to mutations in >44 identified genes. Autosomal recessive inheritance explains the majority, with GJB2 (connexin 26) mutations accounting for 15–50% of paediatric HI. Delayed presentation of HI to 11–60 months in cases of biallelic GJB2 mutations is a concern, necessitating a good audiological follow-up in addition to neonatal hearing screening. Providing a genetic diagnosis in congenital HI has implications for the prognosis, the possible risk of associated medical manifestations, and precise genetic counseling of the family, and should be integrated into the medical examinations done in order to diagnose syndromic features. Large-scale mutation detection methods, such as micro arrays, are promising for wider genetic testing, but few studies on their clinical utility have been published, so far. Limitations of interpretation of genetic test results, combined with significant ethical issues, currently do not justify to institute genetic screening for GJB2 mutations in neonates before a diagnosis of HI is established.

Abbreviations
HI=

Hearing impairment

Abbreviations
HI=

Hearing impairment

Sumario

La discapacidad auditiva (HI) es el trastorno sensorial más frecuente, con etiología genética en >50% de todos los casos, debido a mutaciones en >44 genes identificados. La herencia autosómica recesiva explica la mayoría de ellos, en los que las mutaciones del GJB2 (conexina 26) son responsables del 15–50% de la HI pediátrica. La presentación tardía de la HI entre 11–60 meses en casos de mutaciones alélicas del GJB2 es preocupante, porque además del tamiz auditivo neonatal, requiere de un buen seguimiento audiológico. Considerando que el diagnóstico genético en la HI congénita tiene implicaciones para el pronóstico y el posible riesgo de manifestaciones médicas asociadas, debe integrarse a los exámenes médicos el consejo genético preciso a la familia, con objeto de diagnosticar los rasgos sindrómicos. Son prometedores los métodos de detección de mutaciones a larga escala como los micro arreglos, para hacer evaluaciones genéticas más amplias, a pesar de lo cual se han publicado pocos trabajos sobre su utilidad clínica. Las limitaciones en la interpretación de los resultados de las pruebas genéticas, combinadas con situaciones éticas significativas, no justifican actualmente la práctica de tamiz genético para las mutaciones del GJB2 en neonatos, antes de que se haya establecido el diagnóstico de HI.

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