The Perpetration of Violence and the Experience of Trauma: Exploring Predictors of PTSD Symptoms in Male Violent Offenders

Abstract

Incarcerated offenders are more likely to experience Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and associated symptoms than the general population. PTSD may develop from a variety of events, including being a victim of violence, witnessing violence, or from committing a violent offense. This study examined symptoms and predictors of PTSD in 150 male violent offenders. Participants recalled acts of reactive and instrumental violence, poorly recalled violence, and subjectively disturbing events (e.g., victim of violence), and rated each event for symptoms of PTSD using the Impact of Events Scale (IES). Subjectively disturbing events were associated with higher IES scores than the acts of violence. Hierarchical linear modeling showed that more recent events were associated with a greater number of trauma symptoms and peritraumatic dissociation was positively associated with trauma symptoms. As well, trauma symptoms were more likely to develop if the victim was a family member or a friend, as compared to a stranger or acquaintance. These results support the need for trauma-informed assessment and treatment for offenders. Knowing more about the predictors of trauma symptoms is a first step in effectively treating PTSD in this population.

Keywords:

• Male offenders
• PTSD symptoms
• violence
• correctional psychology

Additional information

Funding

Preparation for this article was supported by from the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada, The Izaac Walter Killam Memorial Foundation, and the Michael Smith Foundation for Health Research.