Conceptualisation and Operationalisation of Event and Festival Experiences: Creation of an Event Experience Scale

Abstract

Experiences are becoming increasingly important in events and festivals, which are prime manifestations of the experience economy. However, research on event experiences has generally been concerned with economic impacts and visitor motivations [Gursoy, D., Kim, K., & Uysal, M. (2004). Perceived impacts of festivals and special events by organizers: An extension and validation. Tourism Management, 25(2), 171–181. doi:10.1016/s0261-5177(03)00092-x]. Few studies have attempted to operationalise and quantitatively analyse experiences, and there is no consensual definition regarding the essence of experiences [Walls, A. R., Okumus, F., Wang, Y., & Kwun, D. J.-W. (2011). An epistemological view of consumer experiences. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 30(1), 10–21. doi:10.1016/j.ijhm.2010.03.008]. This article develops an Event Experience Scale (EES) for event experiences. In this exploratory study the item generation and selection for this scale are presented in three phases: specifying the domain of construct and generation of items, item selection, and scale purification. An 18-item scale, comprising four dimensions – affective engagement, cognitive engagement, physical engagement, and experiencing newness – with satisfactory values for Cronbach's alphas (.83, .86, .86, and .87), emerged. Implications for theoretical and practical research are discussed.

Key Words:

• events
• event experiences
• festivals
• scale development
• leisure experiences
• experience measurement

Acknowledgement

We are grateful to Andries van der Ark of the Faculty of Social and Behavioural Sciences at the University of Amsterdam for his comments on earlier drafts of this article.

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.

ORCID

Greg Richards http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5903-6310