Fluorene and Phenanthrene Uptake and Accumulation by Wheat, Alfalfa and Sunflower from the Contaminated Soil

Abstract

Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) are diverse organic contaminants released into the environment by both natural and anthropogenic activities. These compounds have negative impacts on plants growth and development. Although there are many reports on their existence in different parts of plant, their uptake and translocation pathways and mechanisms are not well understood yet. This paper highlights the uptake, translocation and accumulation of PAHs by wheat, sunflower and alfalfa through an experimental study under controlled conditions. Seeds were cultivated in a soil containing 50 mg/kg of phenanthrene and fluorene and their concentrations in plants roots and shoots were determined using a gas chromatograph after 7 and 14 days. The results showed that phenanthrene and fluorene concentrations in the treated plants were increased over the time. PAHs bioavailability was time and species dependent and generally, phenanthrene uptake and translocation was faster than that of fluorene, probably due to their higher K_ow. Fluorene tended to accumulate in roots, but phenanthrene was transported to aerial parts of plants.

Keywords::

• PAHs
• Triticum aestivum
• Medicago sativa
• Helianthus annus

Acknowledgment

The authors are grateful to the Research Affairs of the University of Tabriz for financial and other support and Ms. Hamideh Bakhshayeshan for her assistance in laboratory. We are also thankful to Dr. Ali Movafeghi, Dr. Ali Shafiei and Dr. Hasan Jalali for their careful reading of the manuscript.