Phytoextraction of Ni, Pb and, Cd by duckweeds

Abstract

Heavy metals phytoextraction potential of swollen duckweed (Lemna gibba Linn.) and lesser duckweed (Lemna aequinoctialis Welw.) was determined under greenhouse conditions by exposing to untreated industrial/municipal effluent for a period of 21 days. The nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), and cadmium (Cd) concentrations in water samples were measured weekly and in plant biomass at the termination of experiments. Significant differences (p < 0.05) between initial and final physicochemical parameters and in heavy metal concentrations of plant and water samples were observed. Periodically measured metal concentrations in mediums revealed that removal percentage was dependent on initial Ni (2.15 mg L⁻¹), Pb (1.51 mg L⁻¹), and Cd (0.74 mg L⁻¹) concentrations. The final metal removal percentages were in the sequence of Ni (97%) > Pb (94%) > Cd (90%) when treated with Lemna gibba L. as compared to control (9–12% reduction). High biomass production of Lemna gibba L. resulted in a large metal reduction in the growth medium and the total plant metal contents were in the sequence of Ni (427 µg) > Pb (293 µg) > Cd (105 µg). The lesser duckweed did not survive under experimental conditions. Based on these results, we concluded that Lemna gibba L. is a good candidate for phytoremediation of wastewater.

Keywords:

• Duckweeds
• heavy metals
• phytoextraction
• untreated industrial/municipal effluent

Acknowledgments

The authors thank Dr. Anjum Munir for his valuable pieces of advice.

Additional information

Funding

This study was financially, in part, supported by Higher Education Commission, Pakistan.