Facile and green synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles for effective photocatalytic degradation of organic dyes and real textile wastewater

Abstract

Remediation of organic dyes from wastewater in textile industries is a big challenge to decreasing water pollution. This study was aimed at the preparation of ZnO nanoparticles (NPs) and their application as a photocatalyst for the degradation of methylene blue (MB), sunfix red (SR) and real textile wastewater (RTW) under both UV and visible irradiations. The ZnO NPs were synthesized with a green Thymus vulgaris leaf extract-supported approach following the calcination process. 50 mg L⁻¹ MB and 50 mg L⁻¹ SR dyes were completely photodegrade under UV irradiation after only 20 and 45 minutes, respectively, in the presence of 1.0 mg/mL ZnO NPs. When they are exposed to visible light, the degradation efficiency reached 91 and 75% within 60 and 120 min, respectively. Photocatalytic measurements of RTW depict that 95% (within 60 min under UV illumination) and 79% (within 90 min under visible illumination) were degraded, respectively. The enhanced photodegradation can be attributed to the narrowing of the bandgap of the ZnO NPs, high crystallinity and nearly hexagonal morphology with an average size of 20–30 nm. The present results show that ZnO NPs could potentially be applied for high-efficiency degradation of organic dyes and RTW under both UV and visible light irradiation.

Novelty Statement

We report for the first time, Thymus vulgaris leaf extract–assisted synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles (NPs) has been applied as a photocatalytic dye and RTW degradation. Second, our synthesis approach is more facile and simple than the previous method where complex hydrothermal or solvothermal methods have been applied, which leads to a complex preparation procedure. We systematically prepared ZnO materials in taking account into the variable Thymus vulgaris/ZnO precursor ratio, different calcination temperature and time and in detail, their photocatalytic activity has been fully investigated.

Keywords:

• Green synthesis
• organic dyes
• photocatalysis
• textile wastewater
• ZnO NPs

Acknowledgments

The authors are grateful for financial support by the Scientific and Technical Research Council of Turkey (2209-B-Industry Oriented Research Project Support Programme for Undergraduate Students) and The Administrative Units of The Research Projects of Konya Technical University (Project no: 202516046).