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Research Article

A Rusyn-American Life in Books: George Sabo in New York and Florida

Pages 183-207 | Published online: 08 Nov 2021
 

ABSTRACT

As the Soviet Union and its challenge to the West recede, we still have much to learn about the Slavic book trade and about the rise of the great Russian, East European, and Eurasian area studies collections in academic libraries in 20th-century North America. Who were the book dealers behind these collections, which still inform so much discovery and knowledge-making today? What can we learn about these personalities and their work? One such book dealer was George Sabo (1896–1983), who followed two brothers to Pittsburgh in 1913 but made his career in New York after 1920, first with a “steamship agency” for fellow immigrants. As a Carpatho-Rusyn from the Kingdom of Hungary, Sabo took his outlook and cultural capital from an ethno-religious group at the very center of the Slavic world and in remarkable symbiosis with nearly all its peoples, languages, identities, and states. Sabo’s native village (Orechová) became part of Czechoslovakia after World War I and his wife’s (Haidosh) part of the Soviet Union after World War II. Sabo’s Carpatho-Rusyn-ness equipped him well as a Slavic-American book dealer and enterprising New Yorker, and we can illuminate much of his life, family, network, surroundings, and career in the city and beyond from many kinds of sources.

Disclosure Statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).

Notes

1. On the Rusyn language and how it “share[s] linguistic characteristics with East Slavic, West Slavic and, in the case of Vojvodinian Rusyn, South Slavic languages,” see Nadiya Kushko, “Literary Standards of the Rusyn Language: The Historical Context and Contemporary Situation,” Slavic and East European Journal 51, no. 1 (2007): 111–32.

2. Edward Kasinec, “Russian Imperial and Elite Provenance Books: Their Afterlife in Post-World War II New York,” Solanus: International Journal for Russian & East European Bibliographic, Library & Publishing Studies, New series, 20 (2006): 36–45, https://archive.org/stream/solanusnewseries_0020/solanusnewseries_0020_djvu.txt (accessed June 17, 2020).

3. “Bro. George Sabo and His 40 Years in Buying and Selling Books on Carpatho-Russians and Other Slav People,” in Jubilee Almanac of the Greek Catholic Union of the USA, ed. Michael Roman (Munhall, PA: The Union, 1967), 265, accessed February 11, 2021, Jubilee almanac of the Greek Catholic Union of … (historicpittsburgh.org). Paul Robert Magocsi, “Roman, Michael,” in Encyclopedia of Rusyn History and Culture, ed. Paul R. Magocsi and Ivan Pop (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2002), 392.

4. On the GCU, see also Opportunity Realized: The Greek Catholic Union’s First One Hundred Years 1892–1992 (Beaver: Greek Catholic Union of the USA, 1994).

5. Orechová is 6 km (4 miles) north of the Ukrainian border and 11 km (7 miles) north of Uzhgorod. On Orechová, including a brief history, see its municipal website, https://www.e-obce.sk/obec/orechova/orechova.html (accessed September 7, 2021).

6. Slavomír Szabó, “Orechová: Chrám Svätej Trojice,” October 5, 2009, https://www.praveorechove.com/newsread2.php?newsid=992, and “Orechová: Obec bola oázou oddychu na ceste z Užhorodu do Michaloviec,” https://www.vtedy.sk/orechova-obec-bola-oazou-oddychu-na-ceste-z-uzhorodu-do-michaloviec (accessed February 20, 2021).

7. “Sabov, Georgii Fomich (name used in the United States George Sabo) 1964, General note, Available on microfilm reel 387,” Box 499, Folder 8, “Register of the Boris I. Nicolaevsky collection,” Hoover Institution, https://oac.cdlib.org/view?style=oac4;view=dsc;docId=tf7290056t&dsc.position=22501 (accessed June 17, 2020).

8. Ivan Pop, Enciklopediia Podkarpatskoi Rusi (Uzhhorod, 2001), 381, as cited in “Julij Feldesi” Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julij_Feldesi (accessed June 2, 2021).

9. “Bro. George Sabo and His 40 Years in Buying and Selling Books on Carpatho-Russians and Other Slav People,” in Jubilee Almanac of the Greek Catholic Union of the USA. Completed years of schooling for all four Sabos are from the 1940 United States Federal Census.

10. Bertha Preiner’s April 22, 1936, Petition for Naturalization recorded her birthplace as “Nagy Geydos, Hungary.” The standard spelling is “Nagygajdos,” and the present, Ukrainian name of the village, “Haidosh,” is from “Hungarian names of Zakarpattya villages,” https://transcarpathia-research.com/read.php?4,38 (accessed June 25, 2020).

11. Richard Custer, “Old Countrymen, New Neighbors: Early Carpatho-Rusyn and Slovak Immigrant Relations in the United States,” Slovo (Summer 2016), 14–19.

12. Michael Sabo, according to his June 5, 1917, World War I Draft Registration Card, was born October 12, 1887, in Droska (i.e., Dióska, another name for Orechová), Ung (County), Hungary, lived at 113 Parkway, Chalfont, Pennsylvania, had a wife and children, and worked as a laborer at “W. Elect. Mfg. Co., East Pitts., Pa.” John Sabo (1893–1974), according to his June 5, 1917, World War I Draft Registration Card, was a single, self-employed grocer in Chalfant Borough, who lived at 233 North Avenue, East Pittsburgh, born February 23, 1893, in Austria-Hungary, with “dark” hair and “gray” eyes. Under “Nation,” he entered “Ung,” which seems to be a reference to his native county in Hungary.

13. According to the January 26, 1920, Federal Census for Chalfant Borough, Allegheny County, Pennsylvania, George Sabo, 23, arrived 1913, single, and a laborer in an electric company, lived at 225 North Avenue, with his older brother John Sabo, 26, arrived 1911, single, and a “grocery proprietor,” in the household of their older brother Michael Sabo, renter, 33, arrived 1909, a laborer in an electric company, married to Mary, 28, arrived 1913, and with son John, 6, and daughter Mary, 4. All four adults in the household were natives of Austria-Hungary whose language was Slovak.

14. Record of Detained Aliens, in New York, Passenger and Crew Lists (including Castle Garden and Ellis Island), 1820–1957, database, entry for “Andrey Sabo,” who arrived in New York on October 2, 1920, on the White Star Line’s SS Baltic.

15. According to his May 10, 1926, US Department of Labor Naturalization Service Petition for Naturalization, Andrew Sabo, born September 26, 1901, at Orschova (i.e., Orechová, also his last foreign residence), arrived in New York on October 1, 1920, on the Baltic from Liverpool, residing in Pennsylvania since October 6, 1920, now resided at 1711 Wilson Street, North Braddock, and was a machinist, married to Anna, born August 29, 1903, with son Edward Thomas, born October 26, 1924. According to his April 21, 1930, Federal Census entry, Andrew Sabo rented at 1711 Wilson Street, North Braddock Borough, Allegheny County, was married six years, had sons Edward (5) and William (3 years 2 months) in his household, and worked as a “machinist” in an “electric shop.” According to his February 16, 1942, World War II Draft Card, Andrew, born September 26, 1901, in Orechová, Czechoslovakia, resided at 530 Ridge Avenue, East Pittsburgh, was married to Mary, and employed at “Westinghouse Elect. & Mfg. Co. East Pittsburgh.”

16. According to the 1940 Federal Census for East Pittsburgh Boro, Allegheny County, Michael Sabo, a renter at 532 Ridge Avenue, completed 3 years of school, was a laborer at “W. Electric Mfg. Co.,” income $1,000, married to Mary, who also completed 3 years of school, also born in Czechoslovakia, alien, with sons Edward (15) and William (13) in household. Note in left margin: “Lives by sister-in-law.” Andrew Sabo, 38 (1902), owner next door at 530 Ridge Avenue, completed 2 years of high school, born in Czechoslovakia, naturalized, laborer at “W. Electric Mfg. Co.,” income $1,500, married to Mary, 25, completed 9 years of school, born in Pennsylvania, with sons Eugene (4) and Michael (2) in household. According to his April 27, 1942, World War II Draft Registration Card, Michael Sabo, residing at 532 Ridge Avenue, East Pittsburgh, Allegheny, Pennsylvania, was born October 12, 1887, in Orechová, married to Mary, and employed at Westinghouse Electric and Manufacturing Company, East Pittsburgh. According to his April 27, 1942, World War II Draft Registration Card, John Sabo, born February 23, 1893, in Orechová, Czechoslovakia, was now a merchant at 1116–1120 Pennsylvania Avenue, Monaca, and resident at 307 Main Avenue, West Aliquippa, Beaver County, Pennsylvania, with his wife, Mary. Now his eyes were blue, hair brown, height 5 feet 7 inches, weight 130, complexion light.

17. “Bro. George Sabo and His 40 Years in Buying and Selling Books on Carpatho-Russians and Other Slav People,” in Jubilee Almanac of the Greek Catholic Union of the USA.

18. Advertisement for George Sabo, Lemko (almanac) (1929), http://carpatho-russian-almanacs.org/LEMKO/LEMKO1929/ads1929set4.php (accessed February 19, 2021).

19. On August 24, 1929, George Sabo, 32, naturalized on April 1, 1926, at the Supreme Court of New York, and John Sabo, 35 (his brother?), naturalized in 1925 by the Court of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, both residing at 197 East 4th Street, New York, arrived in New York from Cherbourg, France.

20. On April 19, 1910, John Korman, 416 Robinson Street, Braddock, married 13 years, occupation “musician,” industry “odd jobs.” 1910 United States Federal Census, Ancestry databases, accessed on April 25, 2021. On January 2, 1920, United States census, John Korman, 50 (1869), homeowner, at 1114 Braddock Avenue, Braddock, born in Hungary, arrived 1885, naturalized 1890, mother tongue Slovak, was a storekeeper, “owns notion store.” His wife Anna, 40 (1879), born in Hungary, arrived 1894, mother tongue Slovak. His resident daughter Anna, 22, born in Pennsylvania, worked as a bookkeeper in the Greek Catholic Union office. Another daughter, Marie, was 21, with no occupation. 1920 United States Federal Census, Ancestry databases, accessed April 25, 2021. John Paul Korman, born June 29, 1869, in Hungary, to George Korman and Anna Medvec, residing for 48 years (since 1902–1903) at 1114 Braddock Avenue, Braddock, Pennsylvania, a storekeeper in the “religious articles” business, died March 17, 1951, of arteriosclerosis. Pennsylvania, U.S., Death Certificates, 1906–1967, Ancestry databases, accessed on April 25, 2021.

21. “Bro. George Sabo and His 40 Years in Buying and Selling Books on Carpatho-Russians and Other Slav People,” in Jubilee Almanac of the Greek Catholic Union of the USA.

22. Edward Kasinec, “Russian Imperial and Elite Provenance Books: Their Afterlife in Post-World War II New York,” Solanus, 37, https://archive.org/stream/solanusnewseries_0020/solanusnewseries_0020_djvu.txt, on “Fourth Avenue.”

23. According to his November 4, 1925, Petition for Naturalization, George Sabo was born January 18, 1896, in Ung, Hungary, arrived in New York on July 16, 1913, resided at 1274 Avenue A in New York, and he had resided in the state of New York since March 6, 1920. His wife, Mathilda, was born October 20, 1905, in Paterson, New Jersey, and their daughter, Irene, on February 25, 1925, in New York.

24. Bertha Preiner, according to her April 22, 1936, Petition for Naturalization, resided at 2439 24th Street, Astoria, was a housewife, born December 4, 1885, at Nagy Geydos, Hungary, now Czechoslovakia, race “Russian,” her last foreign residence was Seredne, Hungary, arrived in New York on August 1, 1901, on the SS Pennsylvania under the name “Borbala Szember.” She was married on October 9, 1904, at Brooklyn, New York, to Joseph [Preiner], born March 29, 1877, at Nagy Tevel, Hungary, arrived in New York in January 1902, and was an “inmate of Manhattan State Hospital since 1909.” Bertha had two children, Mathilda and Joseph, born July 29, 1907, at New York, and residing at 941 President Street, Brooklyn. Bertha Preiner’s birthplace, Nagygajdos, is now the village of Haidosh, Zakarpatska oblast, Ukraine, 9 km in the Carpathian Mountains northeast of Srednee (21 km southeast of Uzhhorod), where she last lived before emigrating to the United States. “Hungarian names of Zakarpattya villages,” https://transcarpathia-research.com/read.php?4,38 (accessed June 25, 2020). According to the 1925 New York City Directory, Bertha Preiner was a cigarmaker at 1274 Avenue A, with Joseph, perhaps her son, now 18, a “timekeeper.” According to https://www.findagrave.com, she died November 1, 1980, at Long Branch, Monmouth County, New Jersey, and was buried at Saint Anthony’s Church Cemetery.

25. Federal Census entries for George Sabo and his household, April 11, 1930, and May 15, 1940, accessed in the Ancestry databases. On Steinway, Poppenhausen and Astoria, see James Sigurd Lapham, “The German-Americans of New York City, 1860–1890” (Ph.D. diss., St. Johns University, 1978), and joannaeng, “Steinway Village: How Pianos Shaped the History of Astoria,” February 13, 2013, https://www.brownstoner.com/queens/arts-and-culture/steinway-village-how-pianos-shaped-the-history-of-astoria/ (accessed June 20, 2021). Emery Deri, “Alien Yorkville Re-enters the Union: Foreign Charm of New York’s Upper East Side Fades As Old Racial Groups Migrate,” New York Times, October 24, 1926.

26. ~Elizabeth, “The Beer Garden at Bohemia Hall,” May 30, 2015, https://researchnychistory.wordpress.com/2015/05/30/the-beer-garden-at-bohemia-hall/ (accessed June 25, 2021). “Bohemian Citizens Benevolent Society,” https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bohemian_Citizens%27_Benevolent_Society, and The Beer Garden at Bohemian Hall, “History,” https://bohemianhall.com/about/ (accessed June 24, 2021).

27. Sviato-Troitskii prikhod Russkoi Pravoslavnoi Tserkvi Zagranitsei, “Nasha istoriia,” http://www.astoriaholytrinity.org/wp/history/ (accessed June 20, 2021).

28. On September 12, 1918, Maxim Ernst Dziomba registered for the United States draft. He was a minister, born January 31, 1879, in Litiatyn (now in Ternopil oblast, Ukraine) and residing at 781 Steinway Avenue, Long Island City, Queens, New York. U.S. World War I Draft Registration Cards, 1917–1918. According to his March 13, 1940, Declaration of Intention for Citizenship, Maximilian Dziomba arrived in New York on August 24, 1906. He was a “clergyman” residing at 125 East 127 Street, New York, race “Russian,” nationality “Austrian,” married Maria on May 25, 1915, in Garfield, New Jersey. She was born April 15, 1895, in St. Louis, Missouri, died in 1924 in New Jersey, and they had one child, Alexander, born June 22, 1916, in Garfield, New Jersey. New York, U.S., State and Federal Naturalization Records, 1794–1943. Dziomba was buried in Saint Peters Greek Catholic Cemetery, Garfield, Bergen County, New Jersey. U.S., Find a Grave Index, 1600s-Current. Ancestry databases accessed June 25, 2021.

29. George Sabo, ledger of expenses, 1968–1996, in the possession of the author.

30. “Bro. George Sabo and His 40 Years in Buying and Selling Books on Carpatho-Russians and Other Slav People,” in Jubilee Almanac of the Greek Catholic Union of the USA.

31. Advertisement for George Sabo, Pamiatnyi zhurnal kontserta-predstavleniia-bala ustroenogu v chest delegatov 6-go sizda Lemko-soiuza v Niu Iorki, N.I., Sunday, September 5, 1937, Webster Hall, 119–125 East 11th Street, New York, NY (New York, 107 St. Marks Place: Tipografiia Lemko-soiuza, [1937]), http://carpatho-russian-almanacs.org/LEMKO/LEMKOLibrary/6thSouvenir/6thSouvenir.php (accessed February 12, 2021).

32. Andrzej Kłossowski and Wojciech Zalewski, comps., Dealers of Polish and Russian Books Active Abroad 1918 to Present: A Contribution to the History of Book Trade (Warsaw: Polish National Library; Stanford, CA: Stanford University Libraries, 1990), 154. The author thanks Bogdan Horbal of New York Public Library for information and sources about J. Ossipoff.

33. “Nicholas Martianoff is Dead in City at 90; A Russian Publisher,” New York Times, February 17, 1984, https://www.nytimes.com/1984/02/17/obituaries/nicholas-martianoff-is-dead-incity-at-90-a-russian-publisher.html (accessed June 12, 2021).

34. Advertisement for kosovorotki from the “Russian Store, J. Ossipoff, 182 Second Avenue, New York City,” Novoe russkoe slovo, January 5, 1935.

35. Advertisement for the “Romanoff Caviar Company,” Novoe russkoe slovo, December 29, 1935.

36. Stephanie Geier, “4th Avenue: The History of NYC’s Lost ‘Book Row,’” https://untappedcities.com/2015/08/26/4th-avenue-the-history-of-nycs-book-row/ (accessed June 21, 2021).

37. Edward Kasinec to D. Chroust, by telephone, July 3, 2020.

38. Bogdan Horbal, “Vyslotskii, Dymytrii/Vislocky, Dmitri,” in Encyclopedia of Rusyn History and Culture, by Paul R. Magocsi and Ivan Pop (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2002).

40. Advertisement for G. Sabov bookstore, Novoe russkoe slovo, January 22, 1950.

41. Advertisement for G. Sabov bookstore, Novoe russkoe slovo, August 10, 1958.

42. List (Melbourne: George Sabo, 1950), antiquarian book catalog. Only holding at University of Amsterdam. WorldCat online union catalog, accessed February 11, 2021.

43. Kasinec, “Russian Imperial and Elite Provenance Books.”

44. “Harrison Salisbury,” https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harrison_Salisbury (accessed May 13, 2021).

45. “George Sabo (Slavic Books), 1957, 59, 61–2, 64, 67–71, 75, 82” (boxes 14, 16, 18, 23, 28, 38, 43, 47, 52, 57, 79, 104), “George Sabo Letters, Book, Slavic Dealer, 1965–1966” (box 537, folder 25), “S: To and from Salisbury. From George Sabo (Russian dealer) [et al.]” (box 541, folder 43), “Purchases: Between Salisbury and dealers in Russian (and some other) George Sabo (Melbourne, FL) [et al.]” (box 606, folder 5), “Harrison Salisbury Papers, 1927–1999,” Rare Book & Manuscript Library, Columbia University, New York, http://www.columbia.edu/cu/lweb/eresources/archives/rbml/Salisbury/ (accessed June 7, 2020). The Harrison Salisbury Papers, 1927–1999, at Columbia are an enormous collection of some 200,000 items in 677 boxes and 290 linear feet.

46. Ekaterina K. Fleishman and Barbara Krupa, “Inventory of the Slavic Book Dealer Catalogs,” Department of Special Collections, Green Library, Stanford University Libraries, Stanford, CA, https://oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/ft4d5n99wc/entire_text/ (accessed June 16, 2020): five catalogs or fragments under the folder title “Pre-war Slavic Book Dealers [5 of 15], 1929; n.d.,” where “1929” may refer to Max N. Maisel and “n.d.” to George Sabo, box 54, folder 10; and “3 typewritten annotated price lists, in Russian (both original and in Latin transliteration) and English” under “Sabo / Sabov, [?] (Florida), n.d.,” box 62, folder 1. On Maisel, who “opened his bookshop in 1892 at 424 Grand Street on the corner of Attorney Street,” and who “retired in 1952,” see the obituary “Max N. Maisel, 87, Owner of Book Shop,” New York Times, October 18, 1959, and “Maisel, Max N. (1872–1959),” in The Margaret Sanger Papers Electronic Edition: Margaret Sanger and The Woman Rebel, 1914–1916, eds. Esther Katz, Cathy Moran Hajo and Peter Engelman (Columbia, SC: Model Editions Partnership, 1999), http://modeleditions.blackmesatech.com/mep/MS/xml/bmaiselm.html (accessed June 6, 2020).

47. Robert H. Davis, Jr., “The New York Public Library’s Émigré Readership and Collections: Past, Present, and Future,” in Russian and East European Books and Manuscripts in the United States: Proceedings of a Conference in Honor of the Fiftieth Anniversary of the Bakhmeteff Archive of Russia, ed. Tanya Chebotarev and Jared S. Ingersoll (UK: Routledge, 2014), 69 (on Sabo).

48. Kasinec, “Russian Imperial and Elite Provenance Books.”

49. Edward Kasinec to author, telephone conversations, July 3 and October 29, 2020.

50. Laurence H. Miller to D. Chroust and others by e-mail, November 10, 2020. Miller was one of the “three other Slavic librarians from the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.”

51. Slavic Books (Melbourne: George Sabo, 1963–1973), bibliographic and holdings record in WorldCat online union catalog, accessed February 11, 2021.

52. “Николаевский, Борис Иванович,” in Wikipedia, https://ru.wikipedia.org and https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Nicolaevsky. “Sabov, Georgii Fomich (name used in the United States George Sabo) 1964, General note, available on microfilm reel 387,” Box 499, Folder 8, “Register of the Boris I. Nicolaevsky collection,” Hoover Institution https://oac.cdlib.org/view?style=oac4;view=dsc;docId=tf7290056t&dsc.position=22501 (accessed June 17, 2020).

53. Undated 1964 “letter from Ivan D. Grebenshchikov to George Sabo,” b. 1, f. 6, Alyce Batchelder Collection of George Grebenstchikoff, 1898–1995, bulk 1947–1967, Yale University, Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Guide to the Alyce Batchelder Collection of George Grebenstchikoff, 6, https://archives.library.wcsu.edu/caoSearch/catalog/beinecke-greb (accessed February 11, 2021). This is the only George Sabo item identified in the 12-page guide. Alyce Batchelder was Grebenstchikoff’s literary executor.

54. George Sabo, ledger of expenses, 1968–1996, in the possession of the author.

55. On Perlstein, see Kasinec, “Russian Imperial and Elite Provenance Books.”

56. Patricia F. Blume, Thomas Keiderling and Klaus G. Saur, eds., Buch macht Geschichte: Beiträge zur Verlags- und Medienforschung (Germany: Walter de Gruyter, 2016), 137–38.

57. George Sabo, ledger of expenses, 1968–1996, in the possession of the author.

58. Ibid.

59. Ibid. Joanna Bailey, “The Story Of Eastern Air Lines–From Boom To Bust,” Simply Flying, August 15, 2019, https://simpleflying.com/eastern-air-lines/ (accessed June 2, 2021), and “Eastern Air Lines, Inc.,” Encyclopedia Britannica, https://www.britannica.com/topic/Eastern-Air-Lines-Inc (accessed June 2, 2021).

60. George Sabo entry in Social Security Death Index.

62. Mathilda A. Sabo entry in Social Security Death Index. An obituary appeared in the February 6, 1998, Philadelphia Inquirer (Newspapers.com Obituary Index, 1800s-current).

64. David Z. Chroust, “Texas A&M University Evans Library,” ACRL Slavic and East European Section Newsletter, no. 15 (1999), 68–69, on Russian and Slavic special collections acquired by TAMU Libraries, https://digital.lib.washington.edu/researchworks/bitstream/handle/1773/3735/sees_1999_n15_w.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y (accessed June 17, 2020). David Z. Chroust, Slavica at TAMU Libraries: An Analytical Report (November 2007), 41 pp., 4 tables, 42 source notes, internal report for library dean on Russian, Slavic and East European collections at TAMU Libraries, their history, structure, content, audiences, and contexts nationally and regionally, including quantitative analysis of uniqueness by language, subject, publication period and other parameters compared to national and regional groups of peer ARL libraries, using WorldCat Collection Analysis.

65. Seton Hall announcement on acquisition of Sabo books, https://blogs.shu.edu/libraries/2012/02/donation-of-the-sabo-collection/ (accessed June 17, 2020).

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