Oxidative Stress and Sex Steroid Levels in Fish Following Short-Term Exposure to Pulp-Mill Effluents

Abstract

This study investigates the relationship between oxidative stress and reproductive dysfunction in wild white sucker (Catostomus commersoni) with short-term exposures to pulp-mill effluent. Hepatic oxidative damage, as quantified using 2-thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS), was often increased with effluent exposure within 4–8 d, but responses varied by species, sex, and effluent. Fatty acyl-coenzyme A (CoA) oxidase (FAO) and ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase (EROD) activities were also significantly induced between 4 and 8 d of exposure. There were marked species differences in oxidative stress, as TBARS, FAO, and EROD responses in white sucker differed dramatically from those of longnose sucker (Catostomus catostomus) exposed under identical conditions. Exposure for 8 d to pulp-mill effluent delayed ovulation in white sucker, and these delays were independent of changes in circulating testosterone and 17α,20β-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one titers. Evaluations of the effects of pulp mill effluent on in vivo plasma steroid levels and in vitro steroidogenic capacities were compromised due to caging stress. In vivo preexposure to pulp-mill effluent did not reduce in vitro ovarian follicle steroidogenic capacities when exposed to additional reactive oxygen species (ROS) generators. Endocrine and oxidative stress parameters may be interrelated, as the in vivo administration of ferric nitrilotriacetate (Fe³⁺NTA) significantly reduced circulating sex steroids. Administration of a superactive GnRH analog containing a dopamine inhibitor significantly increased TBARS within 24 h, indicating endocrine status is capable of modifying oxidative stress responses. This study provides new knowledge regarding the onset of oxidative stress and changes in reproductive endpoints in fish following pulp-mill effluent exposure.

The authors gratefully acknowledge the technical assistance of P. Boutot, C. Chisholm, S. Currie, K. Daynes, M. Edwards, M. Gray, E. LeBlanc, L. Luxon, C. Portt, D. Stevens, and G. Tetreault. We thank D. Roy of the Atlantic Salmon Federation for the loan of fish tanks. We thank the anonymous reviewers for their constructive comments, which greatly strengthened the article. This work was supported by Canadian Network of Toxicology Centers (CNTC), Department of Fisheries and Oceans (DFO), Environment Canada, and Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council (NSERC) of Canada grants to G. Van Der Kraak. K. D. Oakes received financial support from CNTC, DFO, NSERC, and the Ontario Graduate Scholarship program.

Notes

The authors gratefully acknowledge the technical assistance of P. Boutot, C. Chisholm, S. Currie, K. Daynes, M. Edwards, M. Gray, E. LeBlanc, L. Luxon, C. Portt, D. Stevens, and G. Tetreault. We thank D. Roy of the Atlantic Salmon Federation for the loan of fish tanks. We thank the anonymous reviewers for their constructive comments, which greatly strengthened the article. This work was supported by Canadian Network of Toxicology Centers (CNTC), Department of Fisheries and Oceans (DFO), Environment Canada, and Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council (NSERC) of Canada grants to G. Van Der Kraak. K. D. Oakes received financial support from CNTC, DFO, NSERC, and the Ontario Graduate Scholarship program.