Antigenotoxic Effects of (–)-Epigallocatechin-3-Gallate (EGCG), Quercetin, and Rutin on Chromium Trioxide-Induced Micronuclei in the Polychromatic Erythrocytes of Mouse Peripheral Blood

Abstract

This study was conducted to investigate the modulating effects of (–)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), quercetin, and rutin on the genotoxic damage induced by Cr(VI) in polychromatic erythrocytes of CD-1 mice. The animals were divided into the following groups: (i) vehicle only; (ii) flavonoids (10 mg/kg EGCG, 100 mg/kg quercetin, 625 mg/kg rutin, or 100–625 mg/kg quercetin–rutin); (iii) Cr(VI) (20 mg/kg of CrO₃); and (iv) flavonoids concomitantly with Cr(VI). All of the treatments were administered intraperitoneally (ip). The genotoxic damage was evaluated based on the number of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes (MN-PCE) obtained from the caudal vein 0, 24, 48, and 72 h after treatment. Groups treated with EGCG and quercetin exhibited no significant statistical changes in induction of MN-PCE. However, CrO₃ treatment significantly increased MN-PCE induction 24 and 48 h after injection. Treatment with flavonoids prior to CrO₃ exposure decreased MN-PCE induction compared with CrO₃ only. The magnitudes of the potency of flavonoids were in the following order: rutin (82%) > quercetin (64%) > quercetin–rutin (59%) and EGCG (44%). The group treated with rutin significantly reduced genotoxic damage in mice treated with Cr(VI) (antioxidant effect). However rutin exerted a marginal genotoxic effect when administered alone (pro-oxidant effect). Our findings suggest protective effects of EGCG, quercetin, and rutin against genotoxic damage induced by Cr(VI).