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ABSTRACT
Exposure to particulate matter (PM) is associated with adverse health effects, but it is still relatively unknown which role PM sources and physicochemical properties play in the observed effects. It was postulated that PM in vitro induces release of long pentraxin 3 (PTX3) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and that endotoxin and organic compounds present in the PM regulate this release. A contact coculture of THP-1 human leukemia monocytes and A549 human adenocarcinoma alveolar pneumocytes was exposed to PM from Traffic, Wood, Diesel, and Quartz (10–40 µg/cm2) for 12–64 h to determine release of PTX3 and VEGF. The role of endotoxin and the organic fraction in the mediator release was assessed using polymyxin B sulfate and organic extracts, respectively. Finally, antagonists were used to investigate whether the early proinflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-1 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α affected the PTX3 and VEGF release. All PM samples induced a time-dependent release of both PTX3 and VEGF. Traffic mediated the greatest release of PTX3, whereas Wood and Diesel were more potent inducers of VEGF. The endotoxin content did not markedly affect release of either mediator, while the organic fraction exerted no significant effect on VEGF release and limited influence on PTX3 release. In addition, the IL-1 and TNF-α agonists affected PTX3 release more strongly than VEGF release. In conclusion, the current data show a limited impact of endotoxin and organic compounds on PTX3 and VEGF release. Further, the observed differences in response patterns may point toward differential regulation of PM-mediated release of PTX3 and VEGF.
Funding
Thanks to H. J. Dahlman (Norwegian Institute of Public Health [www.fhi.no]) and the bachelor’s degree students S. Stensstrøm, E. Nygård, K. Kirkhus, and L.H. Bergly (Oslo and Akershus University College of Applied Sciences [www.hioa.no]) for excellent technical assistance. Financial support from the Faculty of Health Sciences, Oslo and Akershus University College of Applied Sciences, is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, Dr. Per E. Schwarze is gratefully acknowledged for careful reading of the article and his support during the conduction of the study.
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Notes on contributors
J. I. Herseth
AKB coordinated the study and the extraction and aliquotation of particles. AKB and JIH designed and performed the in vitro experiments, while JIH and VV performed the PTX3 and VEGF analyses. All authors participated in performing the statistical analyses and in preparation of the figures. AKB and JIH had the main responsibility for preparation of the article, but all authors were involved in drafting the article or revising it critically. All authors read and approved the final article.
V. Volden
AKB coordinated the study and the extraction and aliquotation of particles. AKB and JIH designed and performed the in vitro experiments, while JIH and VV performed the PTX3 and VEGF analyses. All authors participated in performing the statistical analyses and in preparation of the figures. AKB and JIH had the main responsibility for preparation of the article, but all authors were involved in drafting the article or revising it critically. All authors read and approved the final article.
A. K. Bolling
AKB coordinated the study and the extraction and aliquotation of particles. AKB and JIH designed and performed the in vitro experiments, while JIH and VV performed the PTX3 and VEGF analyses. All authors participated in performing the statistical analyses and in preparation of the figures. AKB and JIH had the main responsibility for preparation of the article, but all authors were involved in drafting the article or revising it critically. All authors read and approved the final article.