Maternal Expectations for Toddlers' Reactions to Novelty: Relations of Maternal Internalizing Symptoms and Parenting Dimensions to Expectations and Accuracy of Expectations

SYNOPSIS

Objective . Although maternal internalizing symptoms and parenting dimensions have been linked to reports and perceptions of children's behavior, it remains relatively unknown whether these characteristics relate to expectations or the accuracy of expectations for toddlers' responses to novel situations. Design . A community sample of 117 mother–toddler dyads participated in a laboratory visit and questionnaire completion. At the laboratory, mothers were interviewed about their expectations for their toddlers' behaviors in a variety of novel tasks; toddlers then participated in these activities and trained coders scored their behaviors. Mothers completed questionnaires assessing demographics, depressive and worry symptoms, and parenting dimensions. Results . Mothers who reported more worry expected their toddlers to display more fearful behavior during the laboratory tasks, but worry did not moderate how accurately maternal expectations predicted toddlers' observed behavior. When also reporting a low level of authoritative-responsive parenting, maternal depressive symptoms moderated the association between maternal expectations and observed toddler behavior, such that, as depressive symptoms increased, maternal expectations related less strongly to toddler behavior. Conclusions . When mothers were asked about their expectations for their toddlers' behavior in the same novel situations from which experimenters observe this behavior, symptoms and parenting had minimal effect on the accuracy of mothers' expectations. When in the context of low authoritative-responsive parenting, however, depressive symptoms related to less accurate predictions of their toddlers' fearful behavior.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The project from which these data were derived was supported, in part, by a Huggins Graduate Fellowship from the University of Missouri–Columbia and a National Research Service Award to Elizabeth J. Kiel from the National Institute of Mental Health (F31 MH077385-01) and a grant to Kristin A. Buss from the National Institute of Mental Health (R01 MH075750). The authors reported a portion of these results at the International Conference for Infant Studies in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada in March 2008. The authors express their appreciation to the families and toddlers who participated in this project.

Notes

¹We examined whether instructions for particular episodes (i.e., be uninvolved versus be involved) moderated the extent to which maternal expectations related to toddler behavior (i.e., affected accuracy) statistically in a similar multilevel model as primary analyses. We found no difference (t = −.01, p = .99), so we assessed accuracy across all episodes.