Evaluation of Sampling Strategies for Pesticides in a Macroporous Sandy Loam Soil

Abstract

It is not straightforward to sample and demonstrate the presence and transport of pesticides in heterogeneous soil. Following leaching experiments with four differently structured 50-cm-long soil columns (tilled and untilled soil), the objective of this study was to investigate the extent that visual tracing of the dye Brilliant Blue could support in soil sampling for two strongly sorbing pesticides (¹⁴C-labeled glyphosate and pendimethalin). About 830 samples were collected. No pesticide was found below 10– 25 cm depth by random sampling, even though 0.21–0.31% of the applied amounts were leached, and 0.18% of the soil volume was sampled. With similar sampling efforts, the pesticides could generally be traced throughout the columns by sampling from stained soil volumes, only. None of the two particular sampling strategies for pesticides produced accurate mass balances or balances that were obviously better than the other. No pesticide was detected outside stained soil volumes, except for glyphosate in one sample. Below 30 cm, stained soil comprized on average 5% of the total soil volume, leaving 95% as expectedly pesticide-free. The results suggest that much more efficient sampling for sorbing pesticides can be obtained by using the dye and focusing on stained soil volumes.

Keywords:

• Macropore flow
• stratified soil sampling
• pesticide leaching
• dye tracing
• Brilliant Blue

Acknowledgements

We would like to thank BASF A/S and Monsanto Crop Sciences Denmark A/S for kind donation of the ¹⁴C-pendimethalin and ¹⁴C-glyphosate to our disposal. The study received financial support from the Danish Environmental Protection Agency.