Measles Vaccine Potency and Sero-Conversion Rates among Infants Receiving Measles Immunization in Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria

Abstract

This study was designed to assess the seroconversion rate of measles vaccine among infants receiving measles immunization in Ilorin, Nigeria. The pre- and post-measles vaccination sera of the children were tested using the Haemagglutination Inhibition test. The measles vaccines administered at the immunization centre were also tested for their potency using in-vitro titration method. Only 286 (71.5%) of the vacinees returned to give post-vaccination samples. All the infants screened had low pre-vaccination measles antibody titers. Thirty one (8.0%) of the infants had measles prior to vaccination. The seroconversion pattern showed that 196 (68.6%) of the infants developed protective antibody titers. Low seroconversion rate reported in this study was due to low vaccine potency. The titers of vaccines with low potency ranged between log10^−1.0–log10^−2.25 TCID/per dose. This was beside other non specific antiviral substances exhibited virus neutralizing activity. Only 3 (50%) of the 6 vaccine vials tested had virus titers of log10^−3.25 to log10^−3.5, which fell above the cut-off point recommended by the World Health Organization for measles vaccines. The sero-conversion rate of 68.6% observed among vaccinees is far lower than the immunity level of 95% required stopping measles transmission in an endemic community. Failure of 31.4% of these infants to sero-convert post vaccination can be attributed partly to administration of sub-potent vaccines. There is need for improvement and maintenance of effective vaccine cold chain system in Nigeria. There is need also for periodic monitoring of post-vaccination antibody titers as well as vaccine potency status in order to ensure development of protective seroconversion rates.

Keywords:

• measles vaccine
• sero-conversion
• developing countries
• potency
• infants
• immunization
• Nigeria

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Our deep and sincere gratitude goes to all those who voluntarily participated in this study. Our deep appreciation goes to the management and staff of World Health Organization Regional Reference Laboratory for Polio, Department of Virology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan for their support throughout the period of this study. The excellent technical assistance of Mr. Oluwaseun Adedeji, Miss Olufunke Adewale, Dr. Bola Oyemankinde and Mrs. Justina Adeleke, among others, is sincerely acknowledged.