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Abstract
The integration of renewable energy sources (RES) with conventional sources plays a vital role in global energy systems. With the integration of RES, frequency and voltage variations are the major issues, which degrade system performance. In this study, an optimal controller is designed to mitigate these frequency and voltage variations by considering the effect of communication time delays in the multisource two-area power system. Area-1 comprises conventional generation units (i.e., thermal, hydro, and gas) whereas area-2 comprises wind, solar, and diesel power plants. Frequency oscillations are mitigated by a load frequency control loop and variations in terminal voltage are regulated by an automatic voltage regulation loop. To enhance the system response, redox flow batteries, and interline power flow controllers are integrated in the system. Moreover, physical constraints, i.e., generation rate constraint is accounted in reheat thermal and hydropower plants. The proposed sine cosine algorithm tuned Proportional Integral Derivative controller ensures that variations of frequencies, terminal voltages, and exchange of tie-line power will remain within tolerance limits. The system response on random loading is evaluated and a comparison is done with state-of-the-art controllers. As a result, the proposed controller provides better performance by minimizing the fluctuations of frequency and voltages.
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No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).
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Notes on contributors
Muhammad Majid Gulzar
Muhammad Majid Gulzar is currently an assistant professor in the Department of Control & Instrumentation Engineering (CIE), King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals (KFUPM), Saudi Arabia. He received his Ph.D. and M.S degrees with specialization in Electrical Engineering (Control Science and Engineering) from the University of Science and Technology of China (USTC) in 2016 and the University of Engineering and Technology (UET), Lahore, Pakistan in 2012 respectively. He is a member of the Interdisciplinary Research Center for Renewable Energy and Power Systems (IRC-REPS), KFUPM, Pakistan Engineering Council (PEC) and IEEEP (P). He has advised several projects in these areas and has a number of publications in international leading journals and conferences. His areas of interest are Operation and Control of Renewable Energy Systems, Optimization Techniques and Applications, Multi-agent Networks, Analysis and Design of Linear/Nonlinear Systems, Economic Energy Dispatch, etc.
Rasmia Irfan
Rasmia Irfan is currently working as research scholar at the Institute of Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan. She received the master’s degrees in electrical engineering from the University of Engineering and Technology (UET), Lahore, Pakistan. Her research interests include renewable energy systems and control systems.
Kamal Shahid
Kamal Shahid is currently serving as an Assistant Professor at the Institute of the Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan. He joined the Department of Electrical Engineering, University of the Punjab in 2012 as a Lecturer. In 2015, he joined the Department of Electronic Systems (Wireless Communication Network Section), Aalborg University, Denmark as a PhD fellow (2015-2018), followed by the Post-Doctoral fellowship (2018-2021) in the same department. During his stay at Aalborg University Denmark, Dr. Kamal mainly worked on several projects including a Danish national project as well as an EU research project. Dr. Kamal’s research focuses on the role of communication networks in smart grid scenarios and the impact of networks on remote access to dynamic data of the distribution/collection of information. He has also been working on defining communication requirements and developing communication strategies to cater the huge penetration of renewable energy sources (especially wind power and solar PV) in the power grid. As a part of developing a lab for smart grids implementation and testing, his work also focuses on the implementation of different IEC based standards.
Muhammad Taskeen Raza
Muhammad Taskeen Raza received the B.Sc. and M.Sc. degrees in electrical engineering from the University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan, in 2004 and 2011, respectively, and the Ph.D. degree from the Department of Electrical Engineering, Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Islamabad, Pakistan, in 2016. He has been with the Department of Electrical Engineering, Lahore College for Women University (LCWU), Lahore, since 2006, where he is an Assistant Professor. His current research interests include fault diagnosis; fault tolerant control; autonomous systems; disease diagnosis and prognosis using machine learning, deep learning, data science, and data analytics; the Internet of Things (IoT); and the Internet of Medical Things (IoMT).
Imran Javed
Imran Javed did his B.Sc., M.Sc. and PhD degrees in Electrical Engineering from University of Engineering and Technology (UET), Lahore, Pakistan in 2003, 2007 and 2014 respectively. Prior to joining his alma mater in Jan 2018 as a member of the faculty of Electrical Engineering at Narowal campus, he worked at Al-Khawarizmi Institute of Computer Science (KICS), UET Lahore from 2004 to 2014 as senior research officer, and at Quaid-e-Azam of Engineering and Technology, Sahiwal from 2015 to 2017 as Head of Department of Electrical Engineering. At KICS, he worked on different research projects related to image processing, machine learning, MIMO-OFDM, software defined and cognitive radio systems. His current research interests include developing algorithms for radar and software defined radio systems and intelligent video surveillance techniques based on deep learning. He has also won a couple of research grants in these fields in the role as PI/Co-PI.