Jellyfish Search Optimized Gated Recurrent Unit Based FOPID/PID for Enhanced Automatic Voltage Regulator

Abstract

The most essential mechanism for regulation in power systems is the Automatic Voltage Regulator (AVR) device, which maintains generator terminal voltage within predefined parameters. This research paper introduces an innovative approach to enhance AVR system performance through the ideal setting for a fractional-order PID (FOPID) controller that leverages Bidirectional Gate Recurrent Unit (BiGRU)-based deep learning techniques in conjunction with the Jellyfish Search Optimization (JSO) algorithm. To enhance flexibility and precision in control, the conventional proportional integral derivative (PID) controller is replaced with a FOPID controller, whose parameters are optimized by means of the JSO algorithm. The effectiveness of the proposed Jellyfish Search Optimization-based most advanced controllers (JSO-FOPID/PID) is compared with the existing FOPID controller implemented using the Seagull Optimization Algorithm (SOA-FOPID). Comprehensive analyses, including transient time, robustness, stability, and convergence analysis, are conducted subject to applying both stable and alternating load situations to validate the proposed approach. Experimental validation is performed using the MATLAB R2022a application with FOMCON tools and a laboratory prototype for testing. The simulations and experiments demonstrate that the projected AVR consistently delivers optimum dynamic responses and enhances overall stability when compared to existing methods, underscoring its efficacy in voltage regulation and power system control.

Keywords:

• AVR system
• jellyfish search optimization (JSO) algorithm
• FOPID controller
• stability analysis
• bidirectional gate recurrent unit (BiGRU)

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The authors express gratitude to the reviewers for their meticulous, constructive, and insightful comments on this work.

DATA AVAILABILITY STATEMENT

Data sharing is not applicable to this article as no new data were generated or analyzed in this research.

ETHICAL APPROVAL

This manuscript has undergone ethical review and approval by my research guide for publication in this journal.

HUMAN AND ANIMAL RIGHTS

This article does not involve any studies with human or animal subjects conducted by any of the authors.

INFORMED CONSENT

I confirm that I have provided a comprehensive explanation of the nature and purpose of this study to the individual mentioned above. We have discussed the potential benefits of participating in this study, addressed all questions raised by the individual, and will remain available for any future inquiries.

DISCLOSURE STATEMENT

This paper declares no conflicts of interest with regard to publishing.

Additional information

Funding

No financial support was received for this research.

Notes on contributors

Vani E.

Vani E. is working as an Associate Professor, K.S.R. College of Engineering, Tiruchengode, India, has about 16 years of teaching experience. In 1999, 2008 and 2020, she received B.E. degree in Electrical and Electronics Engineering from Madras University, M.E. degree in Power Electronics and Drives from Anna University and Ph.D. degree in Electrical Engineering from Anna University, Chennai. She has published many research papers in international conferences and Journals. She focuses her research on power converter analysis, Voltage regulator and Wind Energy Conversion Systems. She is an active member of ISTE.

Ilambirai R. C.

Ilambirai R. C. completed her B.E degree in the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering in 2002, M.Tech. in Power Electronics in 2004 and her research in 2022 all from Tamilnadu, India. She is working as an Assistant Professor in the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India. She has a good expertise in the field of inverters, dc-dc power converters, integration of converters with renewable energy sources, their applications etc. Overall, she has published 16 papers in International Journals and 8 Conference publications. She is a life member of MISTE, MIEI, and member of IEEE.

Ganga M.

Ganga M. has graduated from the MAM College of Engineering, Trichy under ANNA University, Chennai. She obtained her post graduate in Power Electronics and Drives from Kings College of Engineering, Thanjavur under ANNA University and Chennai during 2012 to 2014. She obtained her doctoral degree in Faculty of Electrical Engineering from the Government College of Technology, Coimbatore under ANNA University and Chennai during 2015 to 2020. She has experience in teaching and research works in instrumentation engineering, power electronics and drives for over 9 years. She also has research experience in Power Electronics, Renewable Energy Sources and Power Conversion. Her research interests include instrumentation engineering, power electronics, electrical machines, energy conversion and renewable energy generation technology.

Jasmine Gnanamalar

Jasmine Gnanamalar assistant professor, department of electrical and electronics engineering, PSN College of Engineering and Technology, Tirunelveli. She was awarded a B.E degree in Electrical and Electronics engineering in 2011 from Anna University, Chennai. She had received M.E degree in Control and Instrumentation Engineering in 2013 from Noorul Islam University, Kumara coil. She has completed her Ph.D. Degree from Anna University, Chennai in 2020. With 8 years of teaching experience, her areas of interest include electronic devices, neural networks, Fuzzy logic systems, Wind Energy, and power quality improvement. She has authored many Peer-Reviewed Journal Publications and also acting as a reviewer in many journals.