Self-reported neurostimulant use among university students in Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil

Abstract

University students frequently resort to psychostimulants to enhance their physical and mental performance and manage academic pressures. However, these substances can lead to dependence and other undesired symptoms, and little empirical data are available for relevant stakeholders, raising significant concerns in health care. Therefore, this study aims to characterize neurostimulant use among university students in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. We collected from 880 students’ data using anonymous self-administration. The questionnaire included consumption patterns of caffeine, nicotine, ecstasy, methamphetamine, “merla” (coca base), methylphenidate, cocaine, crack, and ketamine. Additionally, participants shared information on demographic and socioeconomic factors. Use of at least one neurostimulant was reported by89.2% of the participants. Among nonusers, the most frequently cited reason was “previous information about harmful effects of these drugs.” Caffeine, followed by nicotine, ecstasy, and methylphenidate were the most consumed substances, with main reasons being “improving academic performance” and “recreation.” Women more often consumed caffeine (72.7%), while other psychostimulants were more consumed by men (42.2%) and individuals of other genders (0.5%). Students who consumed other substances had higher family incomes than that of families of caffeine users. In addition, 60.4% of caffeine users resided with family members, whereas 63.3% of users of other substances did not. Our findings can offer essential data on the reasons and symptoms associated with the use of neurostimulants among university students. This information could aid in raising awareness among students, universities, and health-care agencies about this often-neglected subject.

Keywords:

• Academic success
• caffeine
• illicit drugs
• neuroenhancement
• psychostimulants
• students

Acknowledgments

We gratefully acknowledged the Universidade Franciscana (UFN).

Author contributions

MRM: conceptualization, methodology, formal analysis, investigation, writing—original draft; BSL: methodology, formal analysis, investigation, writing—original draft; KKB: methodology, formal analysis; JPO: validation, writing—review and editing; LRP: conceptualization, methodology, formal analysis, validation, writing—review and editing; CRB: conceptualization, methodology, formal analysis, validation, writing—review and editing, supervision project administration.

Disclosure statement

The authors report there are no competing interests to declare.

Ethics statement

All participants provided informed consent, and the study design was approved by the appropriate ethics review board at the university.

Additional information

Funding

This work was supported by the CAPES/Brazil under Grant number 001 (KKB); CNPq/Brazil under Grant number 311769/2019-5 (CRB). This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.