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ABSTRACT
Higher education is in a period of dramatic transformation as a result of changes in the U.S.A. and disruptive technologies. Institutions must swiftly respond to those changes, but if decisions are not made collaboratively, then institutions risk losing one of their greatest assets: faculty members’ insight and expertise. Tenure, academic freedom, and shared governance have promoted faculty voice and benefited universities for decades. Specifically, tenure and shared governance help universities draw on the ideas, interests, and expertise of faculty to meet institutional goals and face external challenges. It is in institutions’ best interests to formally protect and informally promote faculty voice by formally protecting tenure and shared governance. This should reduce turnover, increase productivity, and help institutions respond to broader changes.
Notes
1 Adam Harris, “Republicans Eye Sweeping Changes in Higher Education Act,” The Chronicle of Higher Education, November 29, 2017, https://www.chronicle.com/article/House-Republicans-Eye-Sweeping/241908.
2 Paul F. Camos, “The Real Reason College Tuition Costs So Much,” The New York Times, April 4, 2015, https://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/05/opinion/sunday/the-real-reason-college-tuition-costs-so-much.html.
3 “The 2017 Trends Report,” The Chronicle of Higher Education, February 26, 2017, https://www.chronicle.com/specialreport/The-2017-Trends-Report/95.
4 John Warner, “The Battle of LIU-Brooklyn: Whose University Is It Anyway?” Inside Higher Ed, September 11, 2016, https://www.insidehighered.com/blogs/just-visiting/battle-liu-brooklyn-whose-university-it-anyway.
5 American Association of University Professors [AAUP], “1940 Statement of Principles on Academic Freedom and Tenure,” https://www.aaup.org/report/1940-statement-principles-academic-freedom-and-tenure (accessed January 12, 2018), para. 4.
6 American Association of University Professors [AAUP], “Statement on Governance of Colleges and Universities,” https://www.aaup.org/report/statement-government-colleges-and-universities (accessed January 12, 2018), para. 3.
7 Ibid., 2.c., para. 2.
8 “The Trends Report: An Executive Summary,” The Chronicle of Higher Education, March 9, 2015, http://www.chronicle.com/article/an-executive-summary-of-the/228165.
9 “Special Reports: An Executive Summary,” The Chronicle of Higher Education, February 29, 2016, http://www.chronicle.com/article/An-ExecutiveSummary/235454.
10 American Association of University Professors [AAUP], “Trends in the Academic Labor Force, 1975–2017,” March 2017, https://www.aaup.org/sites/default/files/Academic_Labor_Force_Trends_1975-2015.pdf (accessed January 13, 2018).
11 Colleen Flaherty, “The End of the Line in Wisconsin,” Inside Higher Ed, April 7, 2016, https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2016/04/07/u-wisconsin-madison-professors-losing-hope-preserving-traditional-tenure-campus; “No More ‘Job for Life,’” Inside Higher Ed, May 11, 2016, https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2016/05/11/wisconsin-governor-and-university-system-president-anger-professors-comments-tenure.
12 Colleen Flaherty, “Killing Tenure,” Inside Higher Ed, January 17, 2017, https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2017/01/13/legislation-two-states-seeks-eliminate-tenure-public-higher-education.
13 John Warner, “Faculty Are Laborers, Not ‘Knowledge Workers,’” Inside Higher Ed, September 12, 2017, https://www.insidehighered.com/blogs/just-visiting/faculty-are-laborers-not-knowledge-workers, para. 14.
14 Colleen Flaherty, “Shared Governance, Not Shared Power,” Inside Higher Ed, September 29, 2016, https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2016/09/29/survey-presidents-and-board-members-suggests-shared-governance-matters-them-could-be.
15 John W. Budd, Employment With a Human Face: Balancing Efficiency, Equity, and Voice (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2004), 23 original emphasis.
16 AAUP, “1940 Statement of Principles on Academic Freedom and Tenure.”
17 James H. Dulebohn, “ Social Influence in Justice Evaluations of Human Resource Systems,” in Research in Personal and Human Resource Management, vol. 15, ed. Gerald R. Ferris (Greenwich, CT: JAI Press, 2007), 289.
18 James H. Dulebohn and Gerald R. Ferris, “The Role of Influence Tactics in Perceptions of Performance Evaluations’ Fairness,” The Academy of Management Journal 42, no. 3 (1999): 289.
19 AAUP, “1940 Statement of Principles on Academic Freedom and Tenure.”
20 William I. Gorden, Dominic A. Infante, and Elizabeth E. Graham, “Corporate Conditions Conducive to Employee Voice: A Subordinate Perspective,” Employee Responsibilities and Rights Journal 1, no. 2 (1998): 101–11.
21 David M. Saunders et al., “Employee Voice to Supervisors,” Employee Responsibilities and Rights Journal 5, no. 3 (1992): 241–59; James R. Detert and Ethan R. Burris, “Leadership Behavior and Employee Voice: Is the Door Really Open?” The Academy of Management Journal 50, no. 4 (2007): 869–84; Peter Holland, Brian Cooper, and Cathy Sheehan, “Employee Voice, Supervisor Support, and Engagement: The Mediating Role of Trust,” Human Resource Management 56, no. 6 (2016): 915–29.
22 Nathanael J. Fast, Ethan R. Burris, and Caroline A. Bartel, “Managing to Stay in the Dark: Managerial Self-Efficacy, Ego Defensiveness and the Aversion to Employee Voice,” The Academy of Management Journal 57, no. 4 (2014): 1013–34.
23 Jeffrey W. Kassing, “Articulating, Antagonizing, and Displacing: A Model of Employee Dissent,” Communication Studies 48, no. 4 (1997): 311–32.
24 AAUP, “Statement on Governance of Colleges and Universities.”
25 Colleen Flaherty, “Public Good-byes,” Inside Higher Ed, September 9, 2015, https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2015/09/09/essays-academics-fed-higher-ed-mark-resurgence-quit-lit.
26 Eric Jarosinski, “#failedintellectual: @NeinQuarterly Says Goodbye to Academe and Hello to Whatever,” The Chronicle of Higher Education, June 30, 2014, http://www.chronicle.com/article/failedintellectual/147353/, para. 4.
27 Wang Duanxu et al., “Ethical Leadership and Employee Voice: Employee Self-efficacy and Self-impact as Mediators,” Psychological Reports 116, no. 3 (2015): 751–67.
28 Wang Duanxu, Gan Chenjing, and Wu Chaoyan, “LMX and Employee Voice: A Moderated Mediation Model of Psychological Empowerment and Role Clarity,” Personnel Review 45, no. 3 (2016): 605–15.
29 Linda A. Krefting and Kathleen J. Powers, “Exercised Voice as Management Failure: Implications of Willing Compliance Theories of Management and Individualism for De Facto Employee Voice,” Employee Responsibilities and Rights Journal 11, no. 4 (1998): 273.
30 Daniel. G. Spencer, “Employee Voice and Employee Retention,” Academy of Management Journal 29, no. 3 (1986): 488–502.
31 Long W. Lam et al., “Voice More and Stay Longer: How Ethical Leaders Influence Employee Voice and Exit Intentions,” Business Ethics Quarterly 26, no. 3 (1986): 277–300.
32 Richard M. Steers and Richard T. Mowday, “Employee Turnover and Post Decision Accommodation Processes,” in Research in Organizational Behavior, ed. Larry. L. Cummings and Barry. M. Staw (Greenwich, CT: JAI Press, 1981), 235–81.
33 Jerald Greenberg, “Determinants of Perceived Fairness of Performance Evaluations,” Journal of Applied Psychology 71, no. 2 (1986): 340–42; Michael E. Brown, Linda. K. Treviño, and David A. Harrison, “Ethical Leadership: A Social Learning Perspective for Construct Development and Testing,” Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 97, no. 2 (2005): 117–34.
34 Dean. B. McFarlin and Paul D. Sweeney, “Does Having a Say Matter Only if You Get Your Way? Instrumental and Value-Expressive Effects of Employee Voice,” Basic & Applied Social Psychology 18, no. 3 (1996): 289–303.
35 Sandra. E. Black and Lisa M. Lynch, “What's Driving the New Economy? The Benefits of Workplace Innovation,” The Economic Journal 114, no. 493 (2004): 97–116.
36 James R. Detert et al., “Voice Flows to and Around Leaders: Understanding When Units Are Helped or Hurt by Employee Voice,” Administrative Science Quarterly 58, no. 4 (2013): 624–68.
37 Asadollah Ganjali and Saeed Rezaee, “Linking Perceived Employee Voice and Creativity,” Iranian Journal of Management Studies 9, no. 1 (2016): 175–91.
38 AAUP, “1940 Statement of Principles on Academic Freedom and Tenure.”
39 Blair H. Sheppard, Roy J. Lewicki, and John W. Minton, Organizational Justice: The Search for Fairness in the Workplace (New York: Lexington Books, 1992).
40 Ibid., 139.
41 Albert O. Hirshman, Exit, Voice, and Loyalty: Responses to Decline in Firms, Organizations, and States (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1970).
42 Dan Farrell, “Exit, Voice, Loyalty, and Neglect as Responses to Job Dissatisfaction: A Multidimensional Scaling Study,” The Academy of Management Journal 26, no. 4 (1983): 596–607.
43 Flaherty, “Public Good-byes”; John Warner, “This Is Not a Quit Lit Essay,” Inside Higher Ed, May 2, 2016, https://www.insidehighered.com/blogs/just-visiting/not-quit-lit-essay; Jonathan Malesic, “The 40-Year-Old Burnout,” The Chronicle of Higher Education, October 5, 2016, http://www.chronicle.com/article/The-40-Year-Old-Burnout/237979/?cid=VTKF1.
44 Anne Guarnera, “Five Alt-Ac Careers for the Passionate Teacher,” Inside Higher Ed, September 8, 2016, https://www.insidehighered.com/blogs/gradhacker/five-alt-ac-careers-passionate-teacher; Joshua Kim, “On Choosing an Alternative Academic Path,” Inside Higher Ed, September 26, 2016, https://www.insidehighered.com/blogs/technology-and-learning/choosing-alternative-academic-path; “6 Questions for a Digital Humanities Librarian,” Inside Higher Ed, August 17, 2016, https://www.insidehighered.com/blogs/technology-and-learning/6-questions-digital-humanities-librarian.
45 Lee Gardner, “Turmoil Raises Specter of Faculty Exodus from Public Colleges,” The Chronicle of Higher Education, June 19, 2016, http://www.chronicle.com/article/Turmoil-Raises-Specter-of/236854, para. 8.
46 Ibid., para. 13.
47 Ibid., para. 9.
48 Malesic, “The 40-Year-Old Burnout.”
49 Ibid., para. 10.
50 Roberto Abadie, “Abandoning My Tenure Pipe Dream,” Inside Higher Ed, August 25, 2016, https://www.insidehighered.com/advice/2016/08/25/upside-not-getting-tenure-essay, para. 4.
51 Warner, “This Is Not a Quit Lit Essay,” para. 8 emphasis added.
52 Guarnera, “Five Alt-Ac Careers.”
53 Kim, “On Choosing an Alternative Academic Path.”
54 Kim, “6 Questions for a Digital Humanities Librarian.”