Dampening Positive Affect and Neural Reward Responding in Healthy Children: Implications for Affective Inflexibility

Abstract

Blunted reward processing is evident in and may contribute to the onset of major depressive disorder. However, it is unclear what mechanisms contribute to the development of blunted reward-response prior to depression onset. The current study examined how individual differences in the tendency to dampen positive affect, an affect regulation strategy that decreases positive affect, are associated with reward responding and related brain activation in 39 healthy children (ages 7–10; 51% female; 79% White). To do this, we examined neural responses to winning a reward (candy) within the context of a previous loss, win, or neutral outcome. Whole-brain regression analyses revealed that self-reported tendencies to engage in dampening were associated with blunted striatum and thalamic activation during a winning outcome when following a previous loss outcome, as compared to when following a neutral outcome. This finding was above and beyond the influence of current depressive symptoms. However, tendencies to dampen positive affect were not associated with neural activity during the second of 2 consecutive win outcomes, and thus did not support the notion that dampening is associated with an inability to maintain reward responding. In youth, tendencies to dampen positive affect may be associated with less ability to flexibly upregulate neural reward responding following a loss, possibly leading to the development of affective inflexibility and increased vulnerability to depression. Dampening positive affect may be one mechanism that contributes to aberrant neural reward responding via affective inflexibility and may be a target for prevention in youth.

Notes

¹ Caution is warranted in interpreting the results of the Risk Group × Dampening interaction due to sample size differences in the two groups, and small within-group, high-risk sample size, however, are provided here for illustrative purposes. In addition to dampening remaining a significant predictor when the interaction was added, the Dampening × Risk interaction was also a significant predictor for all three of the GpostL–GpostN contrasts. Regarding the Dampening × Risk interactions, analyses indicated that dampening was more strongly related to activity for the low-risk group (n = 26) than for the high-risk group (n = 13) in all three regions. Although both the high-risk and low-risk children who reported using more dampening tended to exhibit blunted activation for the GpostL–GpostN, the simple slopes were significant only for low-risk children in the right thalamus/striatum (b = −0.06; SE = 0.11, t = −5.62, p < .001), the left thalamus (b = −0.07; SE = 0.12, t = −5.70, p < .001), and the right caudate (b = −0.05; SE = 0.01, t = −5.65, p < .001).