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Abstract
Respiratory disturbances due to chemical warfare nerve agents (CWNAs) are the starting point of mass casualty and the primary cause of death by these weapons of terror and mass destruction. However, very few studies have been implemented to assess respiratory toxicity and exacerbation induced by CWNAs, especially methylphosphonothioic acid S-(2-(bis(1-methylethyl)amino)ethyl)O-ethyl ester (VX). In this study, we developed a microinstillation technique of inhalation exposure to assess lung injury following exposure to CWNAs and toxic chemicals. Guinea pigs were gently intubated by placing a microcatheter into the trachea 1.5 to 2.0 cm centrally above the bifurcation. This location is crucial to deliver aerosolized agents uniformly to the lung's lobes. The placement of the tube is calculated by measuring the distance from the upper front teeth to the tracheal bifurcation, which is typically 8.5 cm for guinea pigs of equivalent size and a weight range of 250 g to 300 g. The catheter is capable of withstanding 100 psi pressure; the terminus has five peripheral holes to pump air that aerosolizes the nerve agent that is delivered in the central hole. The microcatheter is regulated by a central control system to deliver the aerosolized agent in a volume lower than the tidal volume of the guinea pigs. The average particle size of the nerve agent delivered was 1.48 ± 0.07 micrometer. The microinstillation technology has been validated by exposing the animals to Coomassie brilliant blue, which showed a uniform distribution of the dye in different lung lobes. In addition, the concentration of the dye in the lungs correlated with the dose/time of exposure. Furthermore, histopathological analysis confirmed the absence of barotraumas following micoinstillation. This novel technique delivers the agent safely, requires less amount of agent, avoids exposure to skin, pelt, and eye, and circumvents the concern of deposition of the particles in the nasal and palette due to the switching of breathing from nasal to oronasal in whole-body dynamic chamber or nose only exposure. Currently, we are using this inhalation exposure technique to investigate lung injuries and respiratory disturbances following direct exposure to VX.
| Abbreviations | ||
| OP | = | Organophosphate |
| CWNA(s) | = | Chemical warfare nerve agent(s) |
| SE | = | Status Epilepticus |
| AChE | = | Acetylcholinesterase |
| VX | = | methylphosphonothioic acid S-(2-(bis(1-methylethyl)amino)ethyl)O-ethyl ester. |
| BALF | = | Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid |
| BALC | = | Bronchoalveolar lavage cell |
| BChE | = | Butyrylcholinesterase |
| AChE | = | Acetylcholinesterase |
| H & E | = | Hematoxylin and Eosin |
| Abbreviations | ||
| OP | = | Organophosphate |
| CWNA(s) | = | Chemical warfare nerve agent(s) |
| SE | = | Status Epilepticus |
| AChE | = | Acetylcholinesterase |
| VX | = | methylphosphonothioic acid S-(2-(bis(1-methylethyl)amino)ethyl)O-ethyl ester. |
| BALF | = | Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid |
| BALC | = | Bronchoalveolar lavage cell |
| BChE | = | Butyrylcholinesterase |
| AChE | = | Acetylcholinesterase |
| H & E | = | Hematoxylin and Eosin |