The effects of prenatal and lactational bisphenol A and/or di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate exposure on female reproductive system

Abstract

Bisphenol A (BPA) and di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) are endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) that are abundantly used in polyvinyl chloride plastics, polycarbonates and epoxy resins. Prenatal and early postnatal exposures to EDCs are suggested to be more critical. Such exposures can lead to reprotoxic effects, hormonal and metabolic consequences in adulthood. Moreover, combined exposure to different EDCs can lead to more serious adverse effects, some of which cannot be predicted by examining their individual toxicity profiles. This study aimed to evaluate effects of single and combined prenatal and lactational exposures to BPA and/or DEHP on female reproductive hormones and ovarian follicle development. Pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats were divided randomly to four groups (n = 3/group): Control (received vehicle only); DEHP (30 mg/kg/day); BPA (50 mg/kg/day) and BPA + DEHP (30 mg/kg/day DEHP; 50 mg/kg/day BPA) through 6–21 gestational days and lactation by intra-gastric lavage. Female offspring (n = 6/group) were fed until the end of twelfth postnatal week and then euthanized. Reproductive hormones, ovarian follicle numbers and ovarian development were determined. Plasma testosterone and estradiol levels of BPA and BPA + DEHP groups were significantly lower than control. In BPA group, the number of tertiary ovarian follicles decreased significantly compared to control. In the combined exposure group, the number of corpus luteum (29%), as well as the number of primordial follicles (36%), showed marked decreases compared to control group. It can be suggested that early life exposure to BPA and DEHP may cause late life adverse effects in female reproductive system, especially after combined exposure.

Keywords:

• Endocrine disruptors
• phthalate
• bisphenol A
• female reproductive system
• combined exposure

Ethical approval

The study was approved by Gazi University Laboratory Animal Ethics Committee (Ethics Committee Approval Number: G.U.ET-15.066).

Authors’ contributions

GO: Conceptualization, formal analysis, investigation, methodology, writing, original draft preparation, validation. ABO: Conceptualization, formal analysis, investigation, methodology, writing, validation. PE: Conceptualization, formal analysis, methodology, writing – review and editing. NDZ: Formal analysis, writing, visualization. NY: Formal analysis, visualization. BKG: Conceptualization, methodology, writing – review and editing, data curation, supervision.

All authors approved the manuscript.

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).

Data availability statement

The analyzed data sets generated during the present study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.