Body Mass Index (BMI) as a First-Line Screening Criterion for Detection of Excessive Daytime Sleepiness Among Professional Drivers

Objectives. Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is the main predisposing factor of excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS), and, therefore, increases the risk of road crashes. However, it is difficult to rely on medical intake for OSA or fatigue since drivers' symptoms reports are not reliable. On the other hand, direct measurement of EDS among large numbers of drivers carries serious practical drawbacks. Obstructive sleep apnea, in turn, is strongly related to obesity, and elevated body mass index (BMI) is considered one of the major risk factors for OSA. Thus, it could be postulated that BMI may carry predictive value for EDS proneness.

Methods. The present study examined the interrelation between BMI, degree of OSA, as measured with Respiratory Distress Index (RDI), and the degree of EDS, as measured with the mean sleep onset latency in the Multiple Sleep Latency Test (MSLT) among obese (BMI ≥ 32) professional drivers. The drivers went through polysomnography followed by the five sessions of MSLT in the next day.

Results. In accordance with prior studies, we have found strong correlation between BMI and the degree of OSA on the one hand, and between the degree of OSA and EDS on the other hand. OSA was detected among 77.7% of the drivers, 47.1% were sleepy, 19% had severe sleepiness [mean sleep latency [MSL ≤ 5 min.], 28.1% had moderate sleepiness [MSL ≤ 10 min.]. None of the drivers complained about any sleep problem, including snoring, and all reported that they do not experience excessive daytime sleepiness. Thus, there was no correlation between their subjective report and objective findings.

Conclusions. Obese drivers with BMI above 32 are highly prone to be sleepy during the day. Their subjective reports of OSA or fatigue symptoms are not reliable. Therefore it is highly recommended to screen them easily by weight and height measure for further sleep study and decision about their driving abilities.

Keywords:

• Obesity
• Driving
• Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA)
• Excessive Daytime Sleepiness (EDS)
• Nasal Continuous Positive Air Pressure (nCPAP)

Notes

¹Significant differences.