Attentional Networks Functioning, Age, and Attentional Lapses While Driving

Abstract

Objective: Based on Posner's (1994) model of attentional functions, the relationship between age and personal proneness to attention-related errors while driving and the functioning of the 3 attentional networks were explored by means of attentional behavioral measures and self-report data.

Methods: A sample of 55 drivers was drawn from the general population of Mar del Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina. The Attention Network Test for Interactions (ANTI) (Callejas et al. 2004) task was used to obtain behavioral measures of the attentional networks, and we used the Attention-Related Driving Error Scale (ARDES) (Ledesma et al. 2010) questionnaire to obtain a self-report measure of attention-related driving errors.

Results: Drivers reporting the greatest propensity to experience attention-related errors showed an overall slowdown in performance, less endogenous preparation for high = priority warning signs, and a better response to conflict in the presence of valid cues than drivers less prone to attention-related errors while driving. Older participants showed a slowdown in performance, less endogenous preparation for high-priority warning signs, and worse cognitive control when solving conflict in comparison with younger drivers.

Conclusions: We suggest that each group variable, attention-related error proneness and age, shows a particular combination of attentional network functioning that implies different ways of being distracted, which have different practical implications for safe driving. It can be inferred that drivers who are more prone to commit attentional errors while driving run less risk in situations in which they can deal with response conflict in the presence of valid cues because of the particular way in which their attentional networks are combined when a valid cue is present, could serve to compensate, with a better response conflict, their general slowdown and less endogenous preparedness for high-priority signs. It can be inferred that older drivers might show a reduction of the general state of alertness to signs that indicate the presence of a dangerous driving situation and in solving conflict in traffic circumstances.

Keywords:

• Driving distraction
• Age
• Attentional networks
• ANTI
• ARDES

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Funding for this study was provided by research projects PICT-2008-1502 from the Argentinean Funding for Scientific and Technological Research (FONCyT), PSI-2008-03595PSIC from the Department of Science and Innovation of Spain, SEJ-2007-61843 and PSI-2010-15883 from the Ministry of Education and Science (MEC) of Spain, the Excellence Research Project PO7-SEJ-02613 from the Junta de Andalucía of Spain and by the Argentinean Council of Scientific and Technical Research (CONICET). Both the ANTI and ANTI-vigilance task are available from the authors.