Chinese handwriting while driving: Effects of handwritten box size on in-vehicle information systems usability and driver distraction

Abstract

Objective

Handwritten box size (HBS) is an essential Chinese handwriting interface element when interacting with touchscreen-based in-vehicle information systems (IVISs) since it is compactly bound up with driver distraction besides usability issues. Miscellaneous HBSs are commercially available on IVISs, yet the details of how the drivers interact with them in an in-vehicle display situation remain sparsely examined. Therefore, this study set out to investigate the effects of HBS on IVISs usability (task completion time, number of errors, number of protruding strokes, and NASA-TLX, a subjective workload assessment tool) and driver distraction (mean speed, lane position variation, total glance time, number of glances, mean glance time, and number of glances exceeding 1.6 s). Ultimately, the appropriate HBS on IVISs is determined.

Methods

A simulated driving experiment involving thirty drivers was launched. The primary task was lane-keeping with speed ranging from 40 to 60 km/h, and the secondary task was entering a 5-character text by Chinese handwriting input under five different HBS conditions: 25 × 25 mm, 30 × 30 mm, 35 × 35 mm, 40 × 40 mm, and 45 × 45 mm. A battery of one-way repeated measure analyses of variance (r-ANOVA) was used to examine which HBS can maximize IVISs usability and minimize driver distraction with the smallest HBS.

Results

Generally, the issues of IVISs usability and driver distraction improved progressively as the HBS increased to a specific size (40 × 40 mm in this study), at which they got to the asymptotes. Specifically, HBS below 40 × 40 mm was associated with longer text input time, more errors and protruding strokes, extended eyes-off-road time, excessive off-road glances, and deteriorative lateral driving performance. Nevertheless, there were no significant differences in mean glance time and longitudinal driving performance. No improvement measures were observed for HBS above 40 × 40 mm, except for a higher perceived workload.

Conclusions

Overall, the appropriate HBS of in-vehicle Chinese handwriting was found to be 40 × 40 mm. Considering that the in-vehicle human-machine interface (HMI) has limited display space and increasing visual complexity, these findings may help develop evidence-based design guidelines for driver-friendly IVISs and prevent distracted-related traffic injuries.

Keywords:

• In-vehicle information systems
• Chinese handwriting while driving
• handwritten box size
• usability
• driver distraction

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to thank Jieyu Wang, Shan Zhong, and Siying Li for the experimental design and execution, Zhongqiang Wang and Guilan Shen for the application design and programming, and each participant for this simulated driving experiment.

Disclosure statement

The authors state that no known competing financial or personal relationships with others could improperly influence the work reported in this manuscript.

Data availability statement

The datasets supporting the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author, Qi Zhong, upon reasonable request.

Additional information

Funding

This work was sponsored by the Science and Technology Research Project of Chongqing Education Commission (Grant No.KJQN202001002); Humanities and Social Sciences Foundation, MOE of China (Grant No.19YJA760094); National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No.51375510 and Grant No.52175253); National Key Research and Development Program (Grant No.2017YFB1201103).