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Abstract
Research on artemisinin and its derivatives (ARTDs) were initiated due to their outstanding anti-malarial effects. In the past few decades, considerable efforts have been made to extend the clinical applications of ARTDs. However, some ARTDs have a low aqueous solubility, short half-life in vivo and instability due to an endoperoxide bridge in their structures that also contributes to a poor bioavailability. The development of efficient quantitative analysis methods is needed for many branches of research, such as the chemical compound determination in plants, drug quality control and drug metabolism studies. The analysis methods used to detect ARTDs include spectroscopy, liquid chromatography, mass spectrometry and immunoassays. However, a systematic quantitative analysis of these compounds as the very first step in many studies has not been always conducted. Thus, this review presents a comprehensive overview of available analytical methods for in vivo and in vitro quantitation of ARTDs. It generalizes and compares the various methods focusing on sample preparation.
| Abbreviations | ||
| AMS, | = | Artemisone |
| AMT, | = | Artemether |
| APCI, | = | Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionization |
| ARE, | = | Arteether |
| ARS, | = | Artesunate |
| ART, | = | Artemisinin |
| ARTDs, | = | Artemisinin derivatives |
| DAD, | = | Diode array detector |
| DHA, | = | Dihydroartemisinin |
| ECD, | = | Electrochemical detector |
| ELISA, | = | Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay |
| ELSD, | = | Evaporative light scattering detector |
| ESI, | = | Electrospray ionization |
| GABA, | = | γ-aminobutyric acid |
| GC-MS, | = | Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry |
| HBS, | = | Hank’s balanced salt solution |
| HPLC, | = | High-performance liquid chromatography |
| IS, | = | Internal standard |
| LLE, | = | Liquid-liquid extraction |
| LPME, | = | Liquid-phase microextraction |
| MRM, | = | Multi reaction monitoring |
| MS, | = | Mass spectrometry |
| MWD, | = | Multiple wavelength detector |
| DAD, | = | Diode array detector |
| RP, | = | Reserved phase |
| SIM, | = | Single ion monitoring |
| SPE, | = | Solid-phase extraction |
| SRM, | = | Selective reaction monitoring |
| TIS, | = | Turbo ionization source |
| TLC, | = | Thin layer chromatography |
| UPLC, | = | Ultra high pressure liquid chromatography |
| UV, | = | Ultraviolet |
| UVD, | = | Ultraviolet detector |
| VWD, | = | Wavelength detector. |
AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS
B. Wang and T. Zhang contributed to the conception of the review. L.L. Zhang contributed significantly to complete manuscript preparation. Y.Y. Jiang, N. Li and Y.Q. Pu contributed to the constructive discussions. All authors read and approved the review.
CONFLICTS OF INTEREST STATEMENT
There are no conflicts to declare.