Advanced Adsorbent Mediated Extraction Techniques for the Separation of Antibiotics from Food, Biological, and Environmental Matrices

ABSTRACT

Estimation of antibiotic residues in environmental matrices; veterinary products; food and biological samples has become very important in order to protect the human health and limit the spread of antimicrobial resistance. To achieve this, sensitive and efficient sample preparation procedures for the extraction of antibiotics from complex matrices are essential. Reproducible and effective sample preparation processes together with sensitive analytical techniques directly impact the final accuracy of the data and further interpretation. Exhaustive solvent-based extraction techniques such as liquid–liquid extraction have several limitations and suffer from a negative impact on environment. Past two decades have witnessed paradigm shift from solvent based to sorbent-based techniques in the extraction of contaminants. Innovative non-exhaustive techniques such as solid-phase microextraction and magnetic solid-phase extraction using advanced (nano)materials (e.g. molecularly imprinted polymer) have brought radical changes to the way traditional sample extraction was carried out. As the advanced techniques are specific to a target antibiotic or to its class, design consideration for the in-house synthesis of novel (nano)materials and optimization of the extraction technique is a crucial step in the quantification of antibiotic contaminants. The aim of this review is to assess the critical design parameters to be considered to synthesize novel sorbent materials for the extraction of antibiotics and to improve their extraction techniques.

KEYWORDS:

• Analysis
• extraction
• magnetic solid phase extraction
• molecularly imprinted polymer
• solid phase microextraction
• sorbent

ABBREVIATIONS USED

Antibiotics/drugs:

AG: aminoglycosides;

ALF: alfuzosin hydrochloride;

AMI: amikacin sulfate;

AMP: Ampicillin;

AMX: Amoxicillin trihydrate;

APM: apramycin sulfate;

AZI: azithromycin dehydrate;

CAP: chloramphenicol;

CEF: ceftiofur hydrochloride;

CEP: cephalexin monohydrate;

CFI: cefixime;

CFT: cefotaxime;

CIP: ciprofloxacin;

CLA: clarithromycin;

CLOX: cloxacillin;

CLX: Cloxacillin sodium salt monohydrate;

CTC: chlortetracycline;

DAN: danofloxacin mesylate

DAP: daptomycin

DC: doxycycline

DIC: dicloxacillin

DIF: difloxacin

DOX: Doxazosin mesylate

DSTP: dihydrostreptomycin

ENO: enoxacin

ENR: enrofloxacin

ERY: erythromycin

ERY-H₂O: erythromycin-H₂O

FF: florphenicol

FLE: fleroxacin

FLU: flucloxacillin or flumequine

FQs: Fluoroquinolones

GEN: gentamycin sulfate

GTFX: gatifloxacin

JOS: josamycin

KAM: kanamycin sulfate

LEV: levofloxacin

LIN: Linezolid

LINCO: lincosamides;

LOM: lomefloxacin

MAC: macrolides

MAR: Marbofloxacin

MOX: moxifloxacin

NAL: nalidixic acid

NOR: norfloxacin

OFL: ofloxacin

OTC: oxytetracycline

OXA: oxacillin

OXC: Oxacillin sodium salt monohydrate

PC-G: penicillin G

PEF: pefloxacin

PNG: Penicillin G sodium

PRM: paromomycin sulfate

PUFX: prulifloxacin

RAF: Raffinose

ROX: roxithromycin

SA: sulfacetamide

SAR: sarafloxacin

SCP: sulfachloropyridine

SD: sulfadiazine

SDM: sulfadimethoxine

SDZ: sulfadiazine

SIZ, sulfisoxazole

SM: sulfonamides; SMD: sulfamethoxydiazine

SMD: sulfamethoxymidine; SMM: sulfa- monomethoxine

SMP: sulfamethoxypyridazine

SMR: sulfamerazine

SMT: sulfamethizol

SMX, sulfamethoxazole

SMZ: sulfamethazine

SPA: sparfloxacin

SPC: Spectinomycin pentahydrate dihydrochloride

SPI: spiramycin

SPY: sulfapyridine

SQX: sulfaquinoxalineSQX: sulfaquinoxaline

STP: streptomycin sulfate, STZ: sulfathiazole

SUP: sulfaphenazole

TAP: thiamphenicol

TC: tetracycline

TIL: tilmicosin

TOB: tobramycin

TPM: trimethoprim

TRI: trimethoprim

TYL: tylosin/tylosin tartrate

Extraction technique/material:

1D-PANIs/MNP: one-dimensional polyaniline magnetic nano particle

Ag NPs/AC: silver nanoparticles-activated carbon

CD-MOF: cyclodextrin-metal organic framework

CMAB enhanced MO₂S: Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide enhanced molybdenum disulfide

COF(TpPa-1)@Fe₃O₄: Covalent organic framework(1,3,5-Triformylphloroglucinol) (p-phenylenediamine) MNP

COU-2: ordered mesoporous carbon

(DABCO–C₃OH)Cl@MNP: 1,4-Diazabicyclo [2.2.2] octane based ionic liquid modified Fe₃O₄

DBMNP: diatomite bonding Fe₃O₄ magnetic nanoparticles

DMISPE: Dummy molecularly imprinted Solid Phase Extraction

Fe₃O₄ @MoS₂: Molybdenum disulfide(MoS2)-based core-shell magnetic nanocomposite

Fe₃O₄/SiO₂/P(MAA-co-EGDMA): magnetite/silica/poly (methacrylic acid–co-ethylene glycol dimethacrylate

Fe₃O₄@CCNs@MIPs: magnetic carboxylated cellulose nanocrystals-molecularly imprinted particles

Fe₃O₄@MCM-48: Magnetic mesoporous molecular sieve material

Fe₃O₄@N-3DFC: Magnetic N-doped 3D graphene-like framework carbon;Fe₃O₄@PVA: MNP-Polyvinyl alcohol

Fe₃O₄@SC: surfactant coated MNP

Fe₃O₄@SiO₂@Apt: MNP-silica-Aptamer

Fe₃O₄@SiO₂@P(VI-co-DB): nano-sized spherical magnetic poly(vinylimidazole-co-divinylbenzene

Fe₃O₄@SiO₂-C18-pGMA: RAM-C18-glycidyl methacrylate

g-C₃N₄@silica: graphitic carbon nitride@silica

MCMPs: magnetic carbon material derived from pomelo peels

MG-DSPE: magnetic graphene-dispersive SPE

MIL-101(Cr)@GO: Matérial Institut Lavoisier-Chromium-GO

MIP-MEPS: Molecularly imprinted polymer-microextraction by packed sorbent

MM-CPE-MD-µ-SPE: Mixed micelle cloud point extraction-magnetic dispersive µ-solid phase extraction

MMPAni-HM-CAS: magnetic mesoporous polyaniline coated with hydrophilic monomers and casein

MNP-NH₂: amino functionalized magnetic nanoparticle

MNP-AUNS: Magnetite nanoparticles with gold nanostars

MPS-modified Fe₃O₄@SiO₂: 3-methacryloxypropyl trimethoxysilane-MNP-silica

MRAM: magnetic restricted access material

MSPE: magnetic solid phase extraction

MWCNT: multi walled carbon nanotubes

Ol-MNPs: sodium oleate_magnetic nanoparticle

PAAc/Ppy semi-IPN: polyacrylic acid/polypyrrole- semi-interpenetrating polymeric network

PAN@COF-SCU1: polyacrylonitrile@covalent organic frameworks-Sichuan University

PIL@MPS@Fe₃O₄: polymerized ionic liquid@3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl methacrylate@Fe3O4

P-MIP-NF: polysulfone and molecularly imprinted polymers coated on nickel foam

PPy: polypyrrole

PSA: primary secondary amine

RAM-MMIP: restricted access media-magnetic molecularly imprinted polymers

RA-Restricted access

SDS: sodium dodecyl sulfate

Sulfonated PANI/PAN NFMs: Sulfonated-polyaniline-polyacrylonitrile nanofiber mats

TAPA-TFPB-COFs: tris(4-aminophenyl)amine-tris(4-formyl phenyl) benzene-covalent organic frameworks

TMCNTs: Thiol-functionalized magnetic carbon nanotubes

VBADB/MNP: poly (4-vinylphenylboronic acid-co-divinylbenzene.

Analytical techniques:

CE: Capillary electrophoresis

ESI: electrospray ionization

FD: fluorescence detector;

FS: fluorescence spectrophotometer

HILIC-MS/MS: hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometer

LC-ESI-TOF-MS: liquid chromatography-electrospray-time of flight-mass spectrometry

LC-MS/MS: LC-tandem mass spectrometry

MEKC-DAD: Micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography-diode array detector

SERS: Surface enhanced Raman scattering

UPLC-MS/MS: Ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The author acknowledges the help extended by The Director, Sustainable Agriculture Division, TD-NBC, TERI, India for providing necessary facilities to carry out research work.

Additional information

Funding

This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.