How Can Developmental Systems Theories Cope With Free Will? The Importance of Stress-Related Growth and Mindfulness

Abstract

Science is in the midst of a Kuhnian paradigm shift, from causal, deterministic models to more probabilistic ones that emphasize systems approaches. In the developmental sciences, this shift has been manifesting in relational developmental systems theories (RSDTs) which that highlight multilevel analyses, interindividual differences in intraindividual change, and coaction with the context. However, systems theory is still primarily deterministic and does not readily integrate the construct of free will. Although agency is an important component in RSDTs, it is unclear how it develops. However, free will can best be seen as a developmental construct. The process of the development of free will can arise in two ways. First, life-changing encounters with major stressors can result in the development of greater self-awareness and thus greater freedom from the constraints of social conditioning. The second path is through purposive development to increase self-regulation and mindfulness. Through purposive, mindful coaction, the individual and the network can coevolve in positive ways.

Additional information

Funding

Preparation of this article was supported by NIA Grant AG032037.