Assessment of Phenolic Compound Bioaccessibility in Yerba Mate-Supplemented Bread via in vitro Gastrointestinal Simulation

ABSTRACT

This research investigated how incorporating yerba mate (YM) affects whole grain bread’s phenolic profile and in vitro antioxidant activity following simulated gastrointestinal conditions. Three samples were prepared: BWWF (control), B1, and B2 (2.5 and 4.5% YM, respectively). Some phenolic compounds in breads, such as chlorogenic, benzoic, syringic, p-coumaric, and syringaldehyde acid, showed bioaccessible potential since they appeared during the three phases of gastrointestinal digestion. In the gastric phase the compounds present, ferulic acid (bread WWF) was the major compound with 6960 µg/g, for bread with 2.5% YM and bread with 4.5% YM was rutin and chlorogenic acid with 14,945 µg/g and 7881 µg/g, respectively. In the intestinal phase, there was a significant reduction in the levels of phenolic compounds. Bioaccessibility was influenced by the addition of YM, indicating that including this plant in food could add value to this regional product.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

KEYWORDS:

• Ilex paraguariensis
• bioaccessibility
• bioactive compounds
• bakery products
• wholegrain wheat flour

Acknowledgements

Inovamate for providing the YM leaves, Biotrigo Genética for providing the wheat, and the University of Passo Fundo for its assistance. Renata D. M. C. Amboni was granted a fellowship (PQ1D) from CNPq (Grant number 305007/2022-0).

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).

Authors’ contribution

Gabriela S. Santetti, Marina V. Dacoreggio, Heloísa P. Inácio: Conceptualization, Investigation – specifically performing the experiments, Data curation, Writing – Original Draft, Reviewing and Editing. Isabel C. S. Haas, Barbara Biduski, Rodrigo B. Hoff, Bruna R. S. M. Wanderley: Methodology, Investigation – specifically performing the experiments, Data curation, Writing – Original Draft, Reviewing and Editing. Telma E. Bertolin, Luiz C. Gutkoski: Conceptualization, funding acquisition and resources. Carlise B. F. Freire, Renata D. M. C. Amboni: Conceptualization, Supervision, Writing – Original Draft, Reviewing and Editing.

Supplementary material

Supplemental data for this article can be accessed online at https://doi.org/10.1080/15428052.2024.2362369.

Additional information

Funding

This study was financed in part by the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - Brasil (CAPES) - Finance Code [001 and n.88887.368355/2019-00] (PNPD). We would like to thank the CNPq for partly financing the project [Grant number 162-16.00/16-2 and n.140616/2021-7].