Optimal Cumulative Cost Strategy for the Thermal-Solar Integrated Radial Distribution System with Minimized Carbon Footprint for Sustainable Solution for Clean Energy

ABSTRACT

The article presents optimal cost approach for the solar- thermal integrated radial distribution system. The gap between supply and demand can be bridged by integration with solar photovoltaic systems to existing networks. Such integration consequently increases size of power system network components and enhances cost of the system. The cumulative cost of system consists of thermal emission cost, thermal fuel cost, direct cost of solar generation while emission cost of solar is indirectly contributed in the form of raw material extraction, transportation, manufacturing of solar photovoltaic cell etc. The carbon emission releases its mark into atmosphere as a carbon footprint. In order to overcome such issue, an optimal complex non -linear multi-objective is framed separately for component size, thermal generating cost and solar generation direct cost while another multi-objective function represents the solar indirect cost and carbon footprint which is represented as loss of carbon emission which comprises three components: loss of cost of energy, loss of power supply probability and cost constraint. The multi-objectives function has been minimised with the proposed power exponential method and genetic algorithm. The reliability and effectiveness of the proposed methodology has been tested successfully on standard IEEE-30 bus system. It is observed that optimal thermal fuel cost, thermal emission cost, total thermal generating cost, solar direct and indirect cost and thereby total solar generating cost and finally cumulative cost of system, plus carbon footprint estimation are found to be lesser with proposed method in comparison with genetic algorithm and existing techniques.

KEYWORDS:

• emission cost
• thermal cost
• fuel cost
• solar
• power exponential method
• genetic algorithm
• carbon footprint
• loss of cost of energy
• loss of power supply probability
• cost constraint

Data availability

All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this research article and any relevant information related to the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).

List of symbols

$F(P_i)$ fuel cost

$E(P_i)$ emission cost

OCT overall thermal generating cost

$a_i$,$b_i$,$c_i$,$d_i$ fuel coefficients

$h_i$,$j_i$,$k_i$,$l_i$,${\delta }_i$ emission coefficients

rated power

$T_{ref}$ reference temperature

$T_{amb}$ ambient temperature

$\alpha$ coefficient of temperature

$S_i$ radiation of incident solar

$P{U}_j$ per unit cost

K cost constant

OCS overall solar generation cost

OC overall cost

LPSP loss of power supply probability

LCE loss of carbon emission

LCOE loss of cost of energy

TPC total present cost

CRF cost recovery factor

$k_1,k_2,k_3,k_4$ unknown variable

r annual interest rate

i particular generating units

$P_{pv}$ solar power generation

$E_{load}(t)$ energy load demand

$P_{thermal}$ thermal power generation

$E_{annual}$ annual energy generation

$P_{load}(t)$ load power

thermal power generation

$\alpha \hspace{0.17em}$ step size

${\epsilon }^r$ convergence cost

overall cost reference value