Investigation of performance and technical assessments of hybrid source electric vehicles under different locations and driving conditions

ABSTRACT

Sustainable transportation is a significant concept followed by nations implementing Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) that reduce emissions and adapt to climate change impacts. Electric vehicle (EV) adoption has accelerated; however, a trade-off exists between EV adoption and EV batteries-Battery charging from the grid (conventional energy sources) and e-wastes from retired batteries deposited in landfills. Thus, EVs associated with renewable energy sources (RES) are an alternate solution. This paper proposes a hybrid source electric vehicle (HSEV) with a high energy-dense supercapacitor (SC) as the primary source and PV energy as the secondary source. An energy management algorithm (EMA) with a modified controller is implemented in a Matlab/Simulink environment. Analysis of HSEV under varying locations (Australia, India, and Scotland), driving profiles (WLTP class-1, IDC, and ECE), and driving times (daytime, nighttime) highlights the importance of the proposed EMA. Grid charging instants are reduced to 3 times per month in Australia under WLTP class-1 cycle employing PV energy. Moreover, SC degradation is least compared to the lithium-ion battery in a BEV (Battery Electric Vehicle), hence avoiding the chances of maintenance and replacements. The proposed HSEV exhibits improved performance compared to BEVs of a similar type under different locations, driving, and environmental conditions.

KEYWORDS:

• Electric vehicle
• energy management system
• sustainable transportation
• solar photovoltaic
• supercapacitor (SC)

Nomenclature

3W	=	Three-wheeler
Ah	=	Ampere hour throughput
BEV	=	Battery electric vehicle
BMS	=	Battery management system
Cr	=	Charge/discharge rate
D	=	Minimum EV driving range
DDay	=	Average traveled distance in a day (km)
DOD	=	Depth of discharge
EM	=	Energy Management
EMA	=	Energy management algorithm
EMS	=	Energy management strategies
FCEV	=	Fuel cell electric vehicle
HESS	=	Hybrid energy storage system
HSEV	=	Hybrid source electric vehicles
MPPT	=	Maximum power point tracking
NDC	=	Nationally Determined Contribution
OCV	=	Open circuit voltage
PO	=	Perturb and observe
PV	=	Photovoltaic
QlossD	=	Capacity loss at each distance
R	=	Gas constant- 8.314 J/mol K
RES	=	Renewable energy sources
SC	=	Supercapacitor
SDS	=	Sustainable Development Scenario
SOCSC	=	SC state of charge
T	=	Absolute temperature in Kelvin
TCO	=	Total cost of ownership
WLTP	=	Worldwide Harmonized Light Vehicles Test Procedure
z	=	Power law factor-0.828

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.

Additional information

Funding

This research received no external funding.