ABSTRACT
In this paper, we evaluate the synergy between variable renewable energy (VRE), electric mobility, and Vehicle to Grid (V2G) deployment for a small community transitioning to a low-carbon economy. We propose an integrated deterministic modeling approach that accurately describes electric mobility activity within the electric grid in the ETEM-SG long-term capacity expansion model. This approach allowed us to keep the entire approach in the linear programming domain. We then perform a scenario analysis on the Isle of Pines case. The results show that V2G is essential for electric vehicles to make a positive contribution to the electric system by providing a supply–demand balance service. The deployment of electric vehicles allows reaching a VRE penetration rate of up to 94%, at no additional cost compared to a solution without electric vehicles, and even with a global-cost reduction of up to 5.3% thanks to a decrease of the capacity of stationary battery packs needed for storage.
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by Province Sud, Nouvelle Calédonie.
Disclosure statement
No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.
Notes
1 Kunie in Kanak, Kwênyii.
2 Schéma de Transition Energetique de la Province Sud, 2017.
3 The Isle of Pines, an elevated atoll, measures 14 by 18 kilometers.
4 These are regions, like island or isolated territories, that are not connected to a national transmission system.