Size Distribution of Airborne Mist and Endotoxin-Containing Particles in Metalworking Fluid Environments

Abstract

The objective of the study was to investigate size-selective concentrations of airborne particles and endotoxin in metalworking fluid (MWF) environments. The experiments were conducted under two conditions: (1) MWF collected in the field was aerosolized with a laboratory-scale simulator (MWF simulator) in the laboratory; and (2) MWFs were aerosolized during routine field operations. All experiments included size-selective measurement of airborne concentrations of particle numbers and endotoxin mass using an electrical low-pressure impactor. During field sampling, the total microbial and endotoxin concentrations in the air were also measured with a BioSampler, and the mass concentration of MWF mists was measured with a photometer. Airborne particle concentrations were highest in the fine particle size ranges in the areas affected by MWFs. Relatively high concentrations of endotoxin were detected at particle size below 0.39 μm, which is smaller than the size of intact bacterial cells. The total microbial and endotoxin analysis revealed high microbial contamination in one sampling site although the total particle mass was not elevated. It was concluded that MWF sites can be contaminated with high concentrations of fine particles, and these fine particles may contain microbial components, such as endotoxin. The results call for the size-selective measurement of particles and endotoxin for more comprehensive exposure assessment in MWF facilities.

Keywords:

• endotoxin
• fine particles
• metalworking fluid
• microbial contamination
• size distribution

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

This study was financially supported by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). Hongxia Wang was partially supported by the University of Cincinnati Graduate Scholarship. The authors thank Jerry Byers for his help in obtaining fluid samples from the field and for his comments on the manuscript.