Respiratory protection for firefighters—Evaluation of CBRN canisters for use during overhaul II: In mask analyte sampling with integrated dynamic breathing machine

ABSTRACT

According to the National Fire Protection Association there were 487,500 structural fires in the U.S. in 2013. After visible flames are extinguished firefighters begin the overhaul stage where remaining hot spots are identified and further extinguished. During overhaul, a significant amount of potentially hazardous chemicals can remain in the ambient environment. Previous research suggests that the use of air purifying respirators fitted with chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear (CBRN) canisters may reduce occupational exposure. This study used large scale burns of representative structural materials to perform side-by-side, filtering, and service-life evaluations of commercially available CBRN filters using two head forms fitted with full-face respirators and a dynamic breathing machine. Three types of CBRN canisters and one non-CBRN cartridge were challenged in repetitive post-fire environments. Tests were conducted with two different breathing volumes and rates for two sampling durations (0–15 min and 0–60 min). Fifty-five different chemicals were selected for evaluation and results indicate that 10 of the 55 chemicals were present in the post-fire overhaul ambient environment. Acetaldehyde and formaldehyde were found to be the only two chemicals detected post filter but were effectively filtered to below ACGIH TLVs. Counter to our prior published work using continuous flow filter evaluation, this study indicates that, regardless of brand, CBRN filters were effective at reducing concentrations of post-fire ambient chemicals to below occupational exposure limits. However, caution should be applied when using CBRN filters as the ambient formaldehyde level in the current study was 8.9 times lower than during the previous work.

KEYWORDS:

• Breathing machine
• CBRN
• firefighter
• overhaul
• respiratory protection

Acknowledgments

This work could not have been conducted without the partnership of the professional firefighters of the Northwest Fire District and the scientific collaboration of the National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, National Personal Protective Technology Laboratory team.

Funding

National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health—National Personal Protective Technology Laboratory (Contract #254-2014-M-60366).