Evaluation of PVC and PTFE filters for direct-on-filter crystalline silica quantification by FTIR

Abstract

Direct-on-Filter (DoF) analysis of respirable crystalline silica (RCS) by Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy is a useful tool for assessing exposure risks. With the RCS exposure limits becoming lower, it is important to characterize and reduce measurement uncertainties. This study systematically evaluated two filter types (i.e., polyvinyl chloride [PVC] and polytetrafluoroethylene [PTFE]) for RCS measurements by DoF FTIR spectroscopy, including the filter-to-filter and day-to-day variability of blank filter FTIR reference spectra, particle deposition patterns, filtration efficiencies, and pressure drops. For PVC filters sampled at a flow rate of 2.5 L/min for 8 h, the RCS limit of detection (LOD) was 7.4 μg/m³ when a designated laboratory reference filter was used to correct the absorption by the filter media. When the spectrum of the pre-sample filter (blank filter before dust sampling) was used for correction, the LOD could be up to 5.9 μg/m³. The PVC absorption increased linearly with reference filter mass, providing a means to correct the absorption differences between the pre-sample and reference filters. For PTFE, the LODs were 12 and 1.2 μg/m³ when a designated laboratory blank or the pre-sample filter spectrum was used for blank correction, respectively, indicating that using the pre-sample blank spectrum will reduce RCS quantification uncertainty. Both filter types exhibited a consistent radially symmetric deposition pattern when particles were collected using 3-piece cassettes, indicating that RCS can be quantified from a single measurement at the filter center. The most penetrating aerodynamic diameters were around 0.1 µm with filtration efficiencies ≥ 98.8% across the measured particle size range with low-pressure drops (0.2–0.3 kPa) at a flow rate of 2.5 L/min. This study concludes that either the PVC or the PTFE filters are suitable for RCS analysis by DoF FTIR, but proper methods are needed to account for the variability of blank absorption among different filters.

Keywords:

• Coal mine dust
• Field Analysis of Silica Tool
• Fourier transform infrared
• MSHA silica rule
• respirable crystalline silica

Acknowledgments

We want to thank NIOSH researchers Lauren Chubb and Emanuele Cauda for providing additional information about the FAST software and Art Miller for helpful discussions on DoF FTIR analysis.

Disclaimer

The findings and conclusions in this paper are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily represent the official position of the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). The mention of any company or product does not constitute endorsement by NIOSH or CDC.

Data availability statement

The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon request.

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).

Additional information

Funding

This study was supported by NIOSH grants 75D30119C0759 and 75D30121C11871.