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Original Articles

An Environmental Analysis of Illinois Coal Entry into the Transportation Market

, &
Pages 72-81 | Received 16 Sep 2009, Accepted 04 Dec 2009, Published online: 15 Nov 2011
 

Abstract

Using Illinois coal in transportation has varied environmental consequences. This study calculated the total CO2 emissions from gasoline and eight other vehicle propulsion methods involving Illinois coal. Vehicle propulsion methods of ultra super critical electrical cycle, integrated gasification combined electrical cycle, pulverized coal in a sub-critical electrical cycle, and electricity from a hydrogen fuel cell emitted the lowest CO2. Vehicle propulsion methods using Illinois coal to produce ethanol, butanol, and integrated gasification combined electrical cycle/ethanol emitted CO2 comparable to gasoline. The vehicle propulsion method of Fischer-Tropsch diesel emitted the most CO2. It was concluded that energy efficiency and CO2 offset from agricultural growth and by-products were the most influential factors of CO2 emissions.

Notes

aMinor energy requirements consist of five sources: (1) energy to make raw materials for feedstock equipment, (2) energy to assemble feedstock acquisition equipment, (3) energy to repair feedstock acquisition equipment, (4) energy to build fuel production facilities, (5) energy to prepare coal used indirectly. The composition of the fuel used to provide this energy is about 80% coal and 20% diesel (CitationShapouri et al., 2002; CitationSpath et al., 1999; CitationChiesa et al., 2005; CitationChallman, 2007; CitationKlara, 2007; CitationEvans, 2004; CitationGraboski, 2002; CitationDaly, 2008; CitationSusta et al., 2004; USDL, 2007; CitationWu et al., 2006).

bFuel production energy requirements are all provided by 100% by coal except for gasoline which is 81% oil and 19% coal.

Sources: cEvans, 2004

dSpath et al., 1999

5Chiesa et al., 2005

fChallman, 2007

gShapouri et al., 2002

hShapouri et al., 1995

iREI, 2006

jBusiness Wire, 2001

kOgden, 2004

lLavin, 2006b

mAAR, 2005

nWang et al., 2004

oKlara, 2007

pGoidich et al., 2005

qGraboski, 2002

rWu et al., 2007.

Sources: aKlara, 2007

bDOE, 2004

cShapouri et al., 2002

dWu et al., 2007

eDOE, 2001

fHong and Slatick, 1994.

Sources: aShapouri et al., 2002

bRamey, 1998

cGriffiths and Jarvis, 2005

dGlobal Footprint Network, 2008

eKim and Dale, 2002

fKlara, 2007

gGraboski, 2002

hChallman, 2007

iChiesa et al., 2005

jOgden, 2004

kDOE and EPA, 2007

lEPA, 2005

mHordeski, 2006

nLavin, 2006b

oAAR, 2005

pREI, 2006

qGoidich et al., 2005

rDOE and EPA, 2009

sWang, 2005

tWang et al., 2004

uBusiness Wire, 2001.

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