Effect of different batteries and diesel generator on the performance of a stand-alone hybrid renewable energy system

ABSTRACT

Worldwide grid-independent hybrid renewable energy system is an alternative option for powering the un-electrified villages where grid extension is not feasible. In this perspective, a techno-economic feasibility study has been performed for a stand-alone remote area in Karnataka, India. In the present study, effect of use of Lead Acid (LA), Lithium-Ion (Li-Ion) batteries, and diesel generators with and without scheduling on the performance of HRES has been assessed. The Net Present Cost (NPC) and Cost of Energy (COE) of the proposed HRES using Li-Ion battery are found 35% lesser than to that of the system using LA battery. The pollutant emissions are also found to be reduced by using Li-Ion batteries in the system. Further, the effect of with and without scheduling of diesel generators on performance of HRES has also been investigated. From the results, it is found that a saving in NPC and COE with scheduling of diesel generator is found to be as $1,55,977 and 0.027 $/kWh. An attempt has also been made to find out the effect of the option without diesel generator in the proposed HRES. It is found that the proposed system without diesel generator is most feasible. Further, Li-Ion battery-based PV/MHP HRES offers the most optimal configuration and the corresponding NPC and COEs are found to be as $4,67,644 and 0.106 $/kWh.

Abbreviation

WT: Wind turbine; BG: Biogas; BM: Biomass; BFPSO: Butterfly Particle Swarm Optimization; COE: Cost of Energy; NPC: Net Present Cost; CRF: Capital Recovery Factor; DG: Diesel Generator; GA: Genetic Algorithm; HH: Household; HOMER: Hybrid Optimization of Multiple Energy Resources; HRES: Hybrid Renewable Energy System; IRES: Integrated Renewable Energy System; LA: Lead Acid; LCC: Life Cycle Cost; LCOE: Levelized Cost of Energy; LPSP: Loss of Power Supply; Li-Ion: Lithium Ion; MESCOM: Mangalore Electricity Supply Company; MHP: Micro Hydro Power; MLR with GD: Multi-variable Linear Regression with Gradient Descent; PSO: Particle Swarm Optimization; PV: Photovoltaic; SOC: State of Charge; TLBO: Teaching-Learning-Based Optimization

KEYWORDS:

• Hybrid Renewable Energy System
• lead Acid battery
• Li-Ion battery
• pollutant emissions
• dg scheduling

Nomenclature

$f_{PV}$	=	Derating factor of PV array
$I_{STC}$	=	At standard test condition Incident irradiation (kW/m2)
$I_t$	=	Incident solar irradiation (kW/m2)
$P_{PV}$	=	Power output of the PV array
$Y_{PV}$	=	Rated PV array capacity (kW)
$P_r$	=	Wind turbine rated power
$P_W$	=	Wind turbine power output
$V_{Cut-in}$	=	Cut-in speed
$V_{Cut-out}$	=	Cut-out speed
$V_r$	=	Rated wind speed
g	=	Acceleration due to gravity
$h_{net}$	=	Effective head (m)
$P_H$	=	Hydro turbine power output (kW)
$Q_{turbine}$	=	Hydro turbine designed flow (%)
${\eta }_H$	=	Hydro turbine efficiency (%)
${\rho }_{water}$	=	Density of water (1000 kg/m3)
$F$	=	Fuel consumed by the generator
$F_{0,DG}$	=	Coefficient of intercept in fuel curve (Units/hr/kW)
$F_{1,DG}$	=	Slope of the fuel curve (Units/hr/kW)
$Y_{DG}$	=	Generator rated capacity (kW)
$C_{ann,tot}$	=	System’s total annualized cost ($/yr)
d	=	day
$i$	=	Real discount rate
$N$	=	Number of years

Acknowledgments

M. Ramesh recognizes the research facility of H.R.E.D., for the fellowship from Q.I.P., I.I.T. Roorkee, India, and also extends his gratitude to M.C.E. Hassan, Karnataka (India) for deputation to pursue Ph.D.

Additional information

Notes on contributors

Mala Ramesh

Mala Ramesh is a research scholar in the Department of Hydro and Renewable Energy, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee (India). His current area of research is Hybrid Renewable Energy System for off-grid rural electrification.

Rajeshwer Prasad Saini

Rajeshwer Prasad Saini is a Professor, affiliated to the Department of Hydro and Renewable Energy, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, India. He is a Chair Professor of Ministry of New and Renewable Energy, Government of (India). He is a laureate of Dr. A.P. J. Abdul Kalam award for his scientific achievement/India. He has more than 300 publications in small hydro, solar energy and Integrated Renewable Energy Sources.