Statistical evaluation of the injection timing effect on performance and emission in a diesel engine with 30% emulsion fuel

ABSTRACT

This study analyzes the statistical significance tests on an emulsion with 30% water content (E30). The use of E30 fuel at standard injection timing conditions (13° CA BTDC) leads to a more extended ignition delay period with the process extending further from the upper dead spot (TDC). Therefore, to determine the impact of this process on engine performance and exhaust gas emissions, it is necessary to set injection timing ranging from 13°, 15°, 17°, and 19° CA BTDC with engine load. Furthermore, to identify errors in data retrieval, the average value measured was compared using Duncan’s multi-range test (DMRT). E30 combustion significantly increased engine power at a probability level of 1% (P < .01). The optimal power and BMEP was at 17° CA BTDC, with an average increase of 4.2%. The result showed that the optimum SFC and thermal efficiency were at 17° CA BTDC, with a decrease in SFC by 17.55%, and an increase in thermal efficiency by 13.77%. The decrease in SFC was due to complete combustion of the fuel and the optimum injection timing. Furthermore, a significant decrease (P < .01) was recorded in the combustion emissions by advancing injection timing of 17° CA BTDC, HC emissions of 17.17%, CO 12.44%, and smoke by 58.57%. Therefore, the smoke reduction due to the vapor from the combustion was bound on the soot on the exhaust gases.

KEYWORDS:

• Statistical evaluation
• injection timing
• performance
• emission
• diesel engine
• emulsion fuel

Acknowledgments

The authors express gratitude to the Ministry of Research and Higher Education (RISTEKDIKTI) for financial support. The authors also express gratitude to the Department of Mechanical Engineering, and the team of Combustion and system energy laboratory at Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember.

Nomenclature

E30	=	30% water 70% diesel
CA	=	crank angle (deg)
BTDC	=	before top dead center
ATDC	=	after top dead center
SCF	=	specific fuel consumption
BSFC	=	brake specific fuel consumption
BTE	=	brake thermal efficiency
BMEP	=	brake mean effective pressure
TDC	=	top dead center
W	=	watt
CEO	=	combination of eucalyptus oil
CPO	=	crude palm oil
WEDM10	=	10% water-emulsified diesel-mechanical
WEDU10	=	10% water-emulsified diesel ultrasonication
SSR	=	significant studentized range
LSR	=	least significant range
NE	=	power output (HP)

Additional information

Funding

This work was supported by the Ministry of Risert, Technology and Higer Education (RISTEKDIKTI).

Notes on contributors

Rosid

Rosid was born in Jawa Tengah on April 13, 1980. He is currently a student of Doctoral Program at Mechanical Engineering Department in Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember (ITS) Surabaya, Indonesia. He received his Master Degree in Universitas Pancasila (UP) Jakarta, Indonesia. He is currently a researcher at department of mechanical engineering Universitas Singaperbangsa Karawang, Indonesia. His research of interest include alternative fuel studies for internal combustion engine performance analysis.

Bambang Sudarmanta

Bambang Sudarmanta is Associate Professor in Department of Mechanical Engineering Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember (ITS) Surabaya, Indonesia, He has joined the Mechanical Engineering Department for 25 years as lecturer and researcher, and 2020 Manager PUI-STP Automotive Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember (ITS) Surabaya, Indonesia. He received a Ph.D degree in Engineering Chemistry from Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember (ITS) in 2008. His research interest includes renewable energy technology, biomass and solid waste gasification, bioenergy, computational fluid dynamic, internal combustion engine, dual-fuel and bi-fuel engine, water in diesel emulsion, automobile engineering, and Electric Vehicle.

Lukman Atmaja

Lukman Atmaja is Associate Professor in Department of Chemistry Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember (ITS) Surabaya, Indonesia. He received a Ph.D degree in Metallurgy and Materials Engineering from the University of Birmingham, UK. His research interest includes Polymeric Materials and the Chemistry of Membrane for DMFC applications. He is a member of Indonesian Chemical Society and very active in promoting Applied Chemistry for rural societies across archipelago of Indonesia.

Arif Wahjudi

Arif Wahjudi is a member of the Products Design and Development Research Group in the Mechanical Engineering Department. He has joined the Mechanical Engineering Department for 19 years as lecturer and 9 years as a researcher.  His research and academic interest are in product and process optimizations, design of experiment, and engineering measurement. As an engineer, he is also associated in the Institution of Engineers Indonesia.