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ABSTRACT
The national biofuel policy of the Indian government support to put a great emphasis on the synthesis of biodiesel from the nonedible feedstock. A potential option in this regard is Neem oil which is found in abundance in India (~1,00,000 tonnes). The major hindrance to the commercialization of biodiesel is its shelf life due to poor oxidation and stability characteristics. The current work investigates the oxidation stability of Neem biodiesel as per EU standard (EN14214) using the Rancimat apparatus. The oxidation stability of 12.3 hours without doping any chemical antioxidant in the synthesized Neem biodiesel makes it highly suitable for commercial acceptance. The impact of pyrogallol (PY) antioxidant was also investigated on the shelf life of Neem biodiesel build on response surface methodology (RSM) in accordance with Box-Behnken Design (BBD). Moreover, the execution and excretion characteristic of the Neem biodiesel blends: B15, B25, B35, and B45 are investigated on direct injection automotive compression ignition engine. Based on this broad experimental investigation B15 blend can be used as a fuel to power the existing automotive compression ignition engine with no compromise in the execution and excretion characteristics of the engine. From the analysis of the data of life-cycle assessment of the Neem biodiesel, it was found that it possesses the global warming potential of 45.72gCO2-eq Functional Unit−1 which is six times lesser than mineral diesel. Moreover, the Neem plantation has a carbon dioxide isolation potential of around 10 t ha−1 year −1. All these factors make the Neem Biodiesel highly suitable for blending with mineral diesel to power the existing compression ignition engines.
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank the seed grant fund from MANIT Bhopal; Amity University, Noida; Punjabi University, Patiala; Amritsar College of Engineering & Technology, Punjab & VIT University, Vellore for their support in this research work.
Additional information
Notes on contributors
Mayank Chhabra
Mayank Chhabra is serving as Assistant Professor-1 in Mechanical Engineering Department at Amity University, Noida (India). He is pursuing PhD from Punjabi University, Patiala (India). His research interests remain focused on Alternative fuels, particularly Biofuels and Internal Combustion Engines.
Balraj Singh Saini
Dr B. S. Saini is serving as Professor in the Mechanical Engineering Department at Punjabi University, Patiala (India). His research interests remain centred on sustainability, particularly in terms of eco-friendly materials and renewable energy resources. During his previous job in automobile R&D, he worked on various design and development projects for on-road and off-road vehicles. On the personal front, he is an amateur astronomer and has been freelancing with national newspapers as a popular science writer.
Gaurav Dwivedi
Dr. Gaurav Dwivedi B.Tech in Mechanical Engineering, M.Tech in Energy System from IIT Roorkee, PhD in the field of Renewable Energy (Bio fuel) from IIT Roorkee, India. He has several years of teaching experience in the field of Mechanical Engineering teaching various subjects like IC Engine, Thermodynamics, Fluid Machinery and others. His area of research interest is Bio-diesel, Fuel, Engine Operation, Small hydro Power systems. Currently, he is working as Assistant Professor in the Energy Centre at MANIT Bhopal India.
Arun Kumar Behura
Dr. Aruna Kumar Behura B. Tech in Mechanical Engineering, M. Tech in Mechanical Engineering (Specialization in Thermal Engineering), PhD in Mechanical Engineering in the field of Solar Energy (Solar air heater) from NIT Jamshedpur, India. He has 13 years of teaching and research experience in the field of Mechanical Engineering and also teaching various subjects like Thermodynamics, Heat Transfer, Fluid Mechanics, Solar Energy Technologies, Alternative Fuels and Renewable Energy Sources etc. He has published 20 (SCI and SCOPUS) highly reputed International Journals and presented more than 40 renowned International Conferences and also published book chapters. He has also reviewed many SCI and SCOPUS journals in the field of Solar Energy and Thermal Engineering as a reviewer. He has organized 3 International Conferences and many National workshop, FDP and Seminars etc. His research area is Solar thermal (Solar air heater), Solar thermal storage, Phase change materials with nano fluids, Solar photovoltaic, Heat Transfer, Fluid flow, Bio-diesel, Bio-fuel. Currently he is working as Assistant Professor (Senior) in Department of Thermal and Energy Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India.
Anuj Kumar
Dr. Anuj Kumar has worked on wide areas of hydro power engineering such as preparation of DPR, Techno economic report, CFD investigations of hydrokinetic turbine and pump as turbine. He had completed his M.Tech and PhD from IIT Roorkee under the umbrella of MHRD fellowship, India. His current research interests include Renewable energy, Hydro energy systems, hydrokinetic turbine and Computational fluid dynamics. Currently, he is working as Senior Assistant Professor in Department of Thermal and Energy Engineering of School of Mechanical Engineering (SMEC), VIT Vellore since Nov. 2018. He has published more than 10 research papers in International journals and conferences. He has also co-authored one book chapter which is part of on Industrial Applications of Green Solvents published in Materials Research Foundations. He is reviewer of various SCI journals like RenewableandSustainableEnergyReviews, Renewable Energy, Energyconversionandmanagement,Energy etc.
Siddharth Jain
Dr Siddharth Jain undergraduate training has been predominantly in the area of mechanical engineering. He pursued his master's and doctoral degree focusing on Biomass and Bioenergy from Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, India. His PhD research involved various aspects of biodiesel production from sources which are renewable, non-food crops and have lower environmental footprints. Apart from the production process he contributed in the stabilization of biodiesel properties with respect to time. After PhD, he did his two Post Doctoral Fellowships from National University of Singapore and University of Alberta in the area of biomass and Bioenergy. He has Published more than 40 papers in International SCI publications and authored many books and book chapters for Springer, Elsevier, CRC etc. Apart from this attended around 40 International Conferences and published two patents. Currently he is working as Associate Professor in the Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering Roorkee, Roorkee, India.
Amit Sarin
Dr. Amit Sarin is an Associate Professor (Physical Sciences) at IKG Punjab Technical University, Kapurthala, India and presently dispersing the responsibility of Campus Incharge at IKG Punjab Technical University, Amritsar Campus. He did his PhD from IKG Punjab Technical University, Kapurthala and M.Sc. (Honors Physics) from Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar. His research focuses on storage, oxidation stability of biodiesel and other major properties of biofuel/biodiesel. He has more than 19 years of teaching and research experience. Till date, Dr. Sarin has authored more than 15 books with National and International publishers like Royal Society of Chemistry, UK and Wiley. He has published more than 50 research papers in high impact factors journals of Elsevier, Springer, ACS and in conferences. One of his research papers was among the top 25 research papers of journal “Energy” of Elsevier. The same paper has been cited in Scopus almost 200 times till date. He is also in the reviewer board of journals of Elsevier, Springer, RSC and ACS. He has also reviewed the books of Pearson and Wiley. He has got the certificate of “Outstanding contribution in Reviewing” from journal “Fuel” of “Elsevier”.In 2012, he got the research project worth Rs. 27 Lac under the scheme of Young Scientist from Science & Engineering Research Board (Government of India Enterprise), New Delhi to do research in the field of biodiesel. In future, he wants to explore more research opportunities in the field of renewable energy.
Puneet Verma
Dr. Puneet Verma has worked on wide areas of biodiesel, environmental science, air quality and diesel particulate matter. He has completed his Bachelor’s degree in Mechanical Engineering from Punjab Technical University and M.Tech from IIT Roorkee under the umbrella of MHRD fellowship, India. He was awarded QUTPRA Scholarship for his PhD in Environmental Engineering, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Australia. Currently, he is working as Air Quality Scientist, ASK Consulting Engineers, Brisbane, Australia where he has delivered multiple projects of emission, odour, noise and dust monitoring at industrial and construction sites. He has also worked as Quality Control Chemist and HSE Specialist, Intertek Testing Services, Australia and Environmental Research Intern, Puma Energy, Australia. He has published more than 33 research articles in International journals and conferences. He is a member of Clean Air Society of Australia and New Zealand, The American Association for Aerosol Research and Professional Mechanical Engineer (Engineers Australia).