Electric vehicles the future of transportation sector: a review

ABSTRACT

The transportation sector supports a variety of measures to encourage Electric Vehicle (EV) adoption with the goal of improving health issues and air problems. Since the transportation sector consumes 60% of all oil, it is one of the major risks to maintain oil demand and supply balance. When compared to crude oil vehicles, electricity is a more efficient way to power them. With lower tailpipe emissions, EVs are an immediate answer to the problem of environmental degradation. Given this paper presents a comprehensive review of the EV classification with different concepts of bidirectional power flow; their charging scenario associating charging station and connector types; integration of EVs; and their impact on the grid system. The novelty of this study is that it provides comprehensive information on all aspects of EVs. Finally, we finish our work by recommending to the readers several open concerns in the subject of EV as well as certain research directions.

KEYWORDS:

• Electric vehicles
• hybrid electric vehicles
• internal combustion engine
• renewable energy sources
• vehicle-to-grid

Nomenclature

$EVs$ Electric Vehicles

$G2V$ Grid-to-Vehicle

$HEVs$ Hybrid Electric Vehicles

$ICE$ Internal Combustion Engine

$PHEVs$ Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles

$PWM$ Pulse Width Modulation

$RES$ Renewable Energy Sources

$V2B$ Vehicle-to-Building

$V2C$ Vehicle-to-Commercial

$V2G$ Vehicle-to-Grid

$V2H$ Vehicle-to-Home

$V2L$ Vehicle-to-Load

$V2X$ Vehicle-to-Everything Communications