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ABSTRACT
Co-firing NH3 with C2H5OH in combustion systems is an excellent approach to shift toward a low-carbon society. Hence, this study conducted a numerical study on the laminar burning characteristics of NH3/C2H5OH blended fuels at all kinds of work conditions. Results denote that C2H5OH has significant effects on improving the NH3 burning intensities, such as laminar burning velocities (LBVs) and net heat release rates. The chemical and transport effects of C2H5OH play major roles in promoting the LBVs. Adding C2H5OH and changing the equivalence ratio will greatly affect the reaction rates of NH3/C2H5OH/air mixtures, which is the main reason for the changes in LBVs. Adding C2H5OH will increase the NO emission. It is suggested that an equivalence ratio of around 1.4 for NH3/C2H5OH flames is suitable after acomprehensive consideration of NO and unburned NH3 emissions. The reaction pathway analysis denotes that H and HNO play crucial parts in the NO formation, NH and NH2 play key roles in reducing the NO concentration. Finally, it is observed that compared with H2/CO/syngas/CH4, C2H5OH possesses great greatest effect on reducing NH3/air flame instability intensities.
Nomenclature
| LBV, Su | = | Laminar burning velocity |
| AFT | = | Adiabatic flame temperature |
| n(C2H5OH) | = | The mole fraction of C2H5OH |
| ΔSu,therm | = | The thermal effect of C2H5OH |
| ΔSu,chem | = | The chemical effect of C2H5OH |
| ΔSu,tran | = | The transport effect of C2H5OH |
| = | Sensitivity coefficient to LBV | |
| Aj | = | The pre-exponential factor for the reaction j |
| NHRR | = | Net heat release rates |
| ω0 | = | Average reaction rate |
| HRR0 | = | Average heat release rate (HRR0) |
| α0 | = | Average thermal diffusivity |
| ηj–heat | = | The contributions of reaction j to total heat production |
| hj | = | The heat production rate of reaction j |
| ht | = | The total net heat release rates |
| kj | = | The reaction rate constant of reaction j |
| ηF–NO | = | The contributions of reaction j to NO formation |
| ωj | = | The reaction rate of reaction j |
| ωF–NO | = | The sum of reaction rates that produce NO |
| ηC–NO | = | The contributions of reaction j to NO consumption |
| ωC–NO | = | The sum of reaction rates that consume NO |
| = | the maximum mole fraction of NO | |
| nNO | = | The mole fraction of NO |
| σ | = | Thermal expansion |
| δ | = | Laminar flame thickness |
| Leeff | = | Effective Lewis number |
| Mb | = | The burned Markstein number |
| ρu | = | The unburned gas density |
| ρb | = | The burned gas density |
| Tb | = | The unburned gas temperature |
| Tu | = | The burned gas temperature |
| (dT/dX)max | = | The maximum temperature gradient |
| Leexc | = | The Lewis number of the excessive reactants |
| Ledef | = | The Lewis number of the deficient reactants |
| K = 1 + β (ϒ – 1), | = | and ϒ =1/φ when φ < 1, ϒ = φ when φ ≥ 1 |
| β | = | Zeldovich number, |
| Ea | = | The overall activation energy |
| R° | = | Gas constant |
Disclosure statement
No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).
Supplementry material
Supplemental data for this article can be accessed here.
Additional information
Funding
Notes on contributors
Zhiqiang Chen
Zhiqiang Chen is aPhD student at State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China.
Yong Jiang
Yong Jiang is aProfessor at State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China.