https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5648-2905
![Sample our Built Environment journals, sign in here to start your access, Latest two full volumes FREE to you for 14 days]({"type":"image" , "src" : "/sda/5926/TOC-Subject-Sample-2021-Built-Environment.jpg"})
ABSTRACT
Building integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) systems are gaining major attention in modern cities due to the absence of free space to install ground-mounted photovoltaic (PV) plants. A large interconnected BIPV array (liBA) is essential for standalone and grid-connected BIPV systems. The major problem with liBA is the partial shading (PS) phenomenon that increases the mismatch losses (MmLs) and reduces the maximum power (MP) output. Modelling, simulation, and performance analysis of a novel 7 × 5 and 7 × 8 hybrid triple-tied total-cross-tied (TrTd-TtCrTd) fixed BIPV array for increasing MP with reduced MmLs under extreme PS conditions are the main goals of this research paper. In addition, existing hybrid arrays such as series-parallel total-cross-tied (SePl-TtCrTd), bridge-linked total-cross-tied (BdLk-TtCrTd), and honey-combed total-cross-tied (HnCb-TtCrTd), as well as conventional triple-tied (TrTd) and total-cross-tied (TtCrTd), are compared. The simulation results are also validated experimentally using two PS situations. Finally, the global maximum power point (GlMxPoPt), MmLs, fill factor (FiFa), and efficiency (Effy) are used to evaluate the performance. Under six different extreme PS scenarios, the simulation results show that the proposed 7 × 5 hybrid TrTd-TtCrTd array increases GlMxPoPt by 4.84 %, decreases MmLs by 3.46 %, and increases FiFa and Effy by 2.20 % and 0.34 %, respectively. Under two severe PS scenarios, simulation results show that the proposed 7 × 8 large size hybrid TrTd-TtCrTd array increases GlMxPoPt by 3.43 %, decreases MmLs by 2.29 %, and increases FiFa and Effy by 1.26 % and 0.23 %, respectively. Under two extreme PS scenarios, experimental results indicate that the proposed 7 × 8 hybrid TrTd-TtCrTd solar array increases GlMxPoPt by 2.84 %, decreases MmLs by 2.12 %, and increases FiFa and Effy by 1.82 % and 0.22 %, respectively. The proposed hybrid TrTd-TtCrTd array improves GlMxPoPt, reduces MmLs and improves FiFa and Effy with low wiring requirements under different PS cases.
Nomenclature
| IPHC | = | Photocurrent |
| IRS1 | = | Reverse saturation current of diode D1 |
| IRS2 | = | Reverse saturation current of diode D2 |
| RS | = | Equivalent series resistance |
| RP | = | Equivalent shunt resistance |
| i1 | = | Diode ideality constant of diode D1 |
| i2 | = | Diode ideality constant of diode D2 |
| VJTV | = | Thermal voltage of the P-N junction |
| K | = | Boltzmann constant |
| T | = | Temperature of the BIPV module |
| q | = | Electron charge |
| VBv,Ay | = | BIPV array output voltage |
| IBv,Ay | = | BIPV array output current |
| PBv,Ay | = | BIPV array output power |
| VBv,Md | = | BIPV module output voltage |
| IBv,Md | = | BIPV module output current |
| VStng | = | BIPV string voltage |
| IStng | = | BIPV string current |
| VRow | = | BIPV row voltage |
| VSePl | = | SePl BIPV-AyCo voltage |
| ISePl | = | SePl BIPV-AyCo current |
| VTtCrTd | = | TtCrTd BIPV-AyCo voltage |
| ITtCrTd | = | TtCrTd BIPV-AyCo current |
| VBdLk | = | BdLk BIPV-AyCo voltage |
| IBdLk | = | BdLk BIPV-AyCo current |
| VHnCb | = | HnCb BIPV-AyCo voltage |
| IHnCb | = | HnCb BIPV-AyCo current |
| VTrTd | = | TrTd BIPV-AyCo voltage |
| ITrTd | = | TrTd BIPV-AyCo current |
| PMmLs | = | Mismatch power losses |
| PPk_Ufm | = | Peak power under uniform solar irradiation |
| PPk_GlMxPoPt | = | Peak power generated under PrSdPh |
| VOpnCkt | = | Open-circuit voltage |
| IShtCkt | = | Short-circuit current |
| IRRBv,Md | = | Input solar irradiance by the BIPV module/m2 |
| ABv,Md | = | BIPV module area in m2 |
Abbreviations
Disclosure statement
No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).
Additional information
Notes on contributors
Debayan Sarkar
Debayan Sarkar was born in Kharagpur, West Bengal, India, in 1992. He received his B.Tech degree in Electrical Engineering & M.Tech degree in Power Systems from the Department of Electrical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Durgapur, India, in 2015 & 2017, respectively. Presently, he is pursuing his PhD under the guidance of Prof. Pradip Kumar Sadhu, Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad, India. His current research interests include maximum power extraction from building integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) and roof-integrated photovoltaic (PV) systems, solar photovoltaic power generation techniques, diode models, partial shading, maximum power point tracking (MPPT) and Internet of Things (IoT) in electrical engineering applications.
Pradip Kumar Sadhu
Pradip Kumar Sadhu received his B.E., M.E., and PhD (Engineering) degrees in Electrical Engineering from Jadavpur University, West Bengal, India. He is presently working as a Professor (HAG) in the Department of Electrical Engineering of the Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad, India. He has 30 years of experience, including 18 years of teaching and research, plus 12 years in the industry. He has four granted patents and twenty-seven patents that are under process. He has several journal and conference publications at national and international levels. He is the principal investigator of a few government-funded projects. His current research interest includes power electronics applications, the application of high-frequency converters, energy-efficient devices, energy-efficient drives, computer-aided power system analysis, condition monitoring, lighting and communication systems for underground coal mines.