ABSTRACT
Global energy demand has been above 80% fossil fuels for decades, creating a greater and more complicated energy crisis. Biodiesel is a great alternate energy source for future energy demand. Producing biodiesel from a mixture of waste and non-edible oils may be a practical solution to address the growing global need of biodiesel. In this study, hybrid biodiesel is produced from a ternary oil mixture of Waste cooking oil, Ricinus communis oil, and Melia azedarach oil. The hybrid biodiesel blends are prepared by 10% blending (HB10), 20% blending (HB20) and 30% blending (HB30) and 30ppm multiwall carbon nanotube has been added in the blended fuel through sonicating process. At steady 1500rmp and variable load (0–100%), the engine behavior has been examined. The results show that the hybrid biodiesel blend (HB10) with 30ppm MWCNT has shown highest cylinder pressure of 70.9 bar, maximum mean gas temperature 1467.56°C. The engine shows 34.08% rise in net heat release and 9.13% rise in exhaust gas temperature as compare to diesel. The maximum rise in break thermal efficiency of 19.74% and minimum reduction in break specific fuel consumption of 13.79% is noticed in comparison to B00. The highest reduction of HC emission is found as 20.83% for HB20MWCNT30 and 19.34% for HB30MWCNT30 as compare to B00. The inclusion of multiwall carbon nanotube in hybrid biodiesel reduces the HC, CO, NOx and smoke emission and increases CO2 emission as compare to respective hybrid biodiesel blend and diesel. The hybrid biodiesel-diesel blend, with multiwall carbon nanotube can be utilized efficiently in diesel engine with improved overall engine behavior.
Abbreviations/Symbols
CI | = | Compression Ignition |
DI | = | Direct Injection |
FAME | = | Fatty Acid Methyl Ester |
ID | = | Inner Diameter |
OD | = | Outer Diameter |
RSM | = | Response Surface Methodology |
PUC | = | Pollution under Control |
VCR | = | Variable Compression Ratio |
CR | = | Compression Ratio |
℃ | = | Degree Celsius |
UHC | = | Unburned Hydrocarbon |
HU | = | Hartridge Unit |
CO | = | Carbon Monoxide |
MWCNT | = | Multi Wall Carbon Nanotube |
BTE | = | Break Thermal Efficiency |
BSFC | = | Break Specific Fuel Consumption |
EGT | = | Exhaust Gas Temperature |
NHR | = | Net Heat Release |
XRD | = | X-Ray Diffraction |
JCPDS | = | Joint Committee on Powder Diffraction Standards |
NDIR | = | Non-Dispersive Infrared |
SEM | = | Scanning Electron Microscope |
EDS | = | Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy |
CP | = | Cylinder Pressure |
ASTM | = | American Society for Testing and Materials |
IS | = | Indian Standard |
PSI | = | Pound-Force per Square Inch |
RPM | = | Revolution per Minute |
B00 | = | 100% Biodiesel |
HB10 | = | 10% Hybrid Biodiesel + 90% Diesel |
HB20 | = | 20% Hybrid Biodiesel + 80% Diesel |
HB30 | = | 30% Hybrid Biodiesel + 70% Diesel |
HB10MWCNT30 | = | 10% Hybrid Biodiesel + 90% Diesel + 30ppm MWCNT |
HB20MWCNT30 | = | 20% Hybrid Biodiesel + 90% Diesel + 30ppm MWCNT |
HB00MWCNT30 | = | 30% Hybrid Biodiesel + 90% Diesel + 30ppm MWCNT |
Acknowledgements
Authors would like to acknowledge Center for Alternative and Renewable Energy (CARE), Mechanical Engineering Department, Department of Civil Engineering, Chemistry Lab, Rajkiya Engineering College Azamgarh Uttar Pradesh and National Institute of Technology Patna, Bihar, India, for the work. The authors would also like to acknowledge MNIT Jaipur and BTRA Mumbai for the test conducted.
Disclosure statement
No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).
Data availability statement
The data used to support the findings of this study are included within the article.
Additional information
Funding
Notes on contributors
Brihaspati Singh
Brihaspati Singh is pursuing PhD in Mechanical Engineering Department at National Institute of Technology Patna, Bihar, India.
Anmesh Kumar Srivastava
Dr. Anmesh Kumar Srivastava is currently working as an Assistant Professor in Mechanical Engineering Department at National Institute of Technology Patna, Bihar, India. His research areas of interest are I.C. Engines, Alternative Fuels for I.C. Engines, Emissions, Renewable Energy.
Om Prakash
Dr. Om Prakash is currently working as a Professor in Mechanical Engineering Department at National Institute of Technology Patna, Bihar, India. His research areas of interest are Bio-fuels, Renewable Energy, Internal combustion engine, Power Plant, Heat and Mass Transfer, Thermal Engineering.